{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n LEM‐domain proteins comprise a highly conserved family of inner nuclear membrane components—including emerin, LAP2, MAN1, and related factors—that serve as essential architectural and regulatory hubs within the nucleus."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " They directly bind lamins and interact with the Barrier‐to‐Autointegration Factor (BAF) to tether chromatin at the nuclear periphery, thereby contributing to nuclear assembly, maintenance of chromatin organization, and gene regulation. In addition, LEM‐domain proteins participate in diverse functions such as mediating mechanotransduction, modulating signal transduction pathways, and orchestrating specific developmental and stress responses—as exemplified by studies in C. elegans and Drosophila that reveal roles in stem cell maintenance and cell cycle progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Furthermore, some family members harbor additional activities, including endonuclease functions, which suggest they may directly participate in DNA repair and damage response pathways. Overall, by integrating mechanical cues with transcriptional regulation, the LEM‐domain protein network is critical for maintaining nuclear integrity and proper cell function, while its dysfunction is increasingly implicated in tissue‐restricted human diseases such as muscular dystrophies and premature aging syndromes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jason M Berk, Kathryn E Tifft, Katherine L Wilson "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The nuclear envelope LEM-domain protein emerin."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleus (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4161/nucl.25751"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4161/nucl.25751"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23873439"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23873439"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Andreas Brachner, Juliane Braun, Medini Ghodgaonkar, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The endonuclease Ankle1 requires its LEM and GIY-YIG motifs for DNA cleavage in vivo."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Sci (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1242/jcs.098392"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.098392"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22399800"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22399800"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rachel Barkan, Adam J Zahand, Kfir Sharabi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ce-emerin and LEM-2: essential roles in Caenorhabditis elegans development, muscle function, and mitosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Biol Cell (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1091/mbc.E11-06-0505"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E11-06-0505"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22171324"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22171324"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lacy J Barton, Belinda S Pinto, Lori L Wallrath, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The Drosophila nuclear lamina protein otefin is required for germline stem cell survival."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dev Cell (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.devcel.2013.05.023"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2013.05.023"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23806619"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23806619"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lacy J Barton, Alexey A Soshnev, Pamela K Geyer "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Networking in the nucleus: a spotlight on LEM-domain proteins."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Curr Opin Cell Biol (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ceb.2015.03.005"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2015.03.005"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25863918"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25863918"}]}]}]}