| HGNC Family | Lectins, galactoside-binding (LGALS) |
| Name | lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 9C |
| Description | This gene was initially thought to represent a pseudogene of galectin 9; however, this transcript has good exon-intron structure and encodes a predicted protein of the same size as and highly similar to galectin 9. This gene is one of two similar loci on chromosome 17p similar to galectin 9 and now thought to be protein-encoding. This gene is the more telomeric gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] |
| Summary |
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n LGALS9C, which encodes the C‐terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of galectin‑9, contributes to several key functions in immune regulation and tumor biology. Structural and functional studies have shown that galectin‑9 as a whole can induce apoptosis in various cell types, thereby influencing T‐cell differentiation and modulating immune responses."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Notably, the C‑terminal CRD encoded by LGALS9C displays distinct ligand‐binding preferences compared to its N‑terminal counterpart; for example, while certain anti-angiogenic ligands (such as anginex) preferentially interact with the N‑terminal domain, the C‑terminal domain remains unbound and is implicated in other functional pathways."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n At the molecular level, the galectin‑9 C‑terminal CRD has been shown to self-associate via regions remote from the primary carbohydrate binding site, and this oligomerization greatly enhances its pro-apoptotic activity, particularly in T cells."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " The distinct carbohydrate-binding specificity of this domain is underpinned by a wide, shallow binding site that favors branched and sialylated oligosaccharides—with key residues such as Arg221 mediating recognition—thereby contributing to its immunoregulatory properties."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In clinical contexts, alterations in the LGALS9C gene have been observed; for instance, the loss of one copy of this putative tumor suppressor has been reported in a case of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in Shwachman–Diamond syndrome patients, suggesting that proper LGALS9C function may be important in maintaining genomic and cellular homeostasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Additionally, reagents such as novel monoclonal antibodies targeting the C‑terminal region of galectin‑9 have reinforced its role as a marker in virus-associated neoplasia, further supporting its relevance in pathological conditions where immune regulation and apoptosis are disrupted."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n \n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Overall, LGALS9C is central to the function of galectin‑9 in mediating apoptosis and modulating immune responses in cancer and inflammatory diseases, with its unique binding properties and self-association characteristics providing a structural basis for its biological activity.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Koji Fujita, Hisakazu Iwama, Kyoko Oura, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Therapy Due to Apoptosis: Galectin-9."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Mol Sci (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3390/ijms18010074"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18010074"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28045432"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28045432"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Emma Salomonsson, Victor L Thijssen, Arjan W Griffioen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The anti-angiogenic peptide anginex greatly enhances galectin-1 binding affinity for glycoproteins."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.C111.229096"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C111.229096"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21372130"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21372130"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yasuhiro Nonaka, Takashi Ogawa, Souichi Oomizu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Self-association of the galectin-9 C-terminal domain via the opposite surface of the sugar-binding site."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biochem (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/jb/mvt009"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jb/mvt009"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23389308"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23389308"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hiromi Yoshida, Misa Teraoka, Nozomu Nishi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "X-ray structures of human galectin-9 C-terminal domain in complexes with a biantennary oligosaccharide and sialyllactose."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M110.163402"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.163402"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20861009"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20861009"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Santhosh Dhanraj, Arif Manji, Dalila Pinto, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Molecular characteristics of a pancreatic adenocarcinoma associated with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pediatr Blood Cancer (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/pbc.24453"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.24453"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23303473"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23303473"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clément Barjon, Toshiro Niki, Benjamin Vérillaud, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A novel monoclonal antibody for detection of galectin-9 in tissue sections: application to human tissues infected by oncogenic viruses."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Infect Agent Cancer (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/1750-9378-7-16"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-9378-7-16"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22805533"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22805533"}]}]}]}
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| Synonyms | Gal-9B, LGALS9B |
| Proteins | LEG9C_HUMAN |
| NCBI Gene ID | 654346 |
| API | |
| Download Associations | |
| Predicted Functions |
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| Co-expressed Genes |
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| Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines |
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LGALS9C has 2,624 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 59 datasets.
Click the + buttons to view associations for LGALS9C from the datasets below.
If available, associations are ranked by standardized value
| Dataset | Summary | |
|---|---|---|
| Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of LGALS9C gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of LGALS9C gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of LGALS9C gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures | small molecule perturbations changing expression of LGALS9C gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset. | |
| CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of LGALS9C gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| CCLE Cell Line Proteomics | Cell lines associated with LGALS9C protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset. | |
| CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations | cell types associated with LGALS9C gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of LGALS9C gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of LGALS9C gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 | transcription factors binding the promoter of LGALS9C gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 | cellular components co-occuring with LGALS9C protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles | cell lines with LGALS9C gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset. | |
| DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency | cell lines with fitness changed by LGALS9C gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores | diseases co-occuring with LGALS9C gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases co-occuring with LGALS9C gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles | histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at LGALS9C gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of LGALS9C gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of LGALS9C gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations | biological terms co-occuring with LGALS9C gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset. | |
| GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing LGALS9C from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules | small molecule perturbations changing expression of LGALS9C gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of LGALS9C gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections | virus perturbations changing expression of LGALS9C gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 | biological processes involving LGALS9C gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2025 | biological processes involving LGALS9C gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations2025 dataset. | |
| GO Cellular Component Annotations 2023 | cellular components containing LGALS9C protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Cellular Component Annotations 2025 | cellular components containing LGALS9C protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2025 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 | molecular functions performed by LGALS9C gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
| GTEx eQTL 2025 | SNPs regulating expression of LGALS9C gene from the GTEx eQTL 2025 dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of LGALS9C gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 | tissues with high or low expression of LGALS9C gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of LGALS9C gene relative to other tissue samples from the GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of LGALS9C gene relative to other cell lines from the HPA Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of LGALS9C gene relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of LGALS9C gene relative to other tissue samples from the HPA Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPM Cell Type and Tissue Protein Expression Profiles | cell types and tissues with high or low expression of LGALS9C protein relative to other cell types and tissues from the HPM Cell Type and Tissue Protein Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations | protein domains predicted for LGALS9C protein from the InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets 2025 | transcription factors regulating expression of LGALS9C gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of LGALS9C gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of LGALS9C gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of LGALS9C gene from the KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
| LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations | cellular components predicted to contain LGALS9C protein from the LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations dataset. | |
| MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 | phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by LGALS9C gene mutations from the MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 dataset. | |
| MiRTarBase microRNA Targets | microRNAs targeting LGALS9C gene in low- or high-throughput microRNA targeting studies from the MiRTarBase microRNA Targets dataset. | |
| MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of LGALS9C gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions | interacting proteins for LGALS9C from the Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions dataset. | |
| PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of LGALS9C gene from the PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
| Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles | histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at LGALS9C gene from the Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures | drug perturbations changing expression of LGALS9C gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of LGALS9C gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| Tabula Sapiens Gene-Cell Associations | cell types with high or low expression of LGALS9C gene relative to other cell types from the Tabula Sapiens Gene-Cell Associations dataset. | |
| TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets | microRNAs regulating expression of LGALS9C gene predicted using conserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets dataset. | |
| TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets | microRNAs regulating expression of LGALS9C gene predicted using nonconserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets dataset. | |
| TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors | tissue samples with high or low expression of LGALS9C gene relative to other tissue samples from the TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors dataset. | |
| TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues with high expression of LGALS9C protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues with high expression of LGALS9C protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues co-occuring with LGALS9C protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues co-occuring with LGALS9C protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| WikiPathways Pathways 2024 | pathways involving LGALS9C protein from the WikiPathways Pathways 2024 dataset. | |
