{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n LIPK represents an evolutionarily divergent gene family whose homologs perform distinct functions in lipid‐dependent signaling and metabolism across different organisms. In the phytopathogenic fungus "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Colletotrichum trifolii"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", LIPK (lipid‐induced protein kinase) is specifically induced by plant cutin monomers and long‐chain fatty acids, where it functions as a critical sensor to trigger appressorium formation and, thereby, host infection; disruption of LIPK prevents the development of infection structures and pathogenicity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In certain bacteria, a lipase gene designated "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "lipK"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " has been characterized in association with a dedicated modulator gene (limK) that facilitates its proper folding and catalytic activity. Notably, specific amino acid changes in LipK can partially bypass the requirement for LimK, highlighting key residues necessary for achieving an active lipase conformation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n In mammals, bioinformatic analyses have identified LIPK as one of several acid lipase family members with expression restricted to epidermal tissues. These epidermal lipases are predicted to participate in the hydrolysis of triglycerides and contribute to lipid remodeling during processes such as skin differentiation and barrier formation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Furthermore, genome‐wide association studies in dairy cattle have nominated LIPK as a promising candidate gene associated with variation in milk fatty acid profiles, suggesting a broader role in modulating lipid metabolism in mammary tissues."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n "}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\n Collectively, these findings highlight the multifaceted roles of LIPK homologs: from mediating lipid‐initiated signal transduction in fungal pathogenesis, to contributing to efficient lipase folding and activity in bacteria, and further to influencing lipid processing in the epidermis and milk production of mammals. This diversity reflects the evolutionary adaptation of LIPK-related proteins to meet organism-specific requirements for lipid utilization and regulation.\n "}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "M B Dickman, Y S Ha, Z Yang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A protein kinase from Colletotrichum trifolii is induced by plant cutin and is required for appressorium formation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Plant Microbe Interact (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1094/MPMI.2003.16.5.411"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.2003.16.5.411"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12744512"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12744512"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "E K Kim, W H Jang, J H Ko, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lipase and its modulator from Pseudomonas sp. strain KFCC 10818: proline-to-glutamine substitution at position 112 induces formation of enzymatically active lipase in the absence of the modulator."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Bacteriol (2001)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/JB.183.20.5937-5941.2001"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.183.20.5937-5941.2001"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11566993"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11566993"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Roger S Holmes, Laura A Cox, John L VandeBerg "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Comparative studies of mammalian acid lipases: Evidence for a new gene family in mouse and rat (Lipo)."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cbd.2010.05.004"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbd.2010.05.004"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20598663"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20598663"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cong Li, Dongxiao Sun, Shengli Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genome wide association study identifies 20 novel promising genes associated with milk fatty acid traits in Chinese Holstein."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0096186"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096186"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24858810"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24858810"}]}]}]}