{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMAGE‐C1 (also known as CT7) is a cancer/testis antigen that is expressed in a broad range of malignancies including multiple myeloma, melanoma, breast, ovarian and hepatocellular carcinomas as well as in glioblastoma and mucosal melanoma. Its expression is largely restricted to tumor cells and germ cells, making it an attractive target for immunotherapy. In multiple myeloma, MAGE‐C1 shows high expression frequencies and is associated with advanced disease, increased plasma cell proliferation and poorer clinical outcomes, while in melanoma and breast cancer its presence has been linked to metastatic spread and high tumor grade. Moreover, studies using novel monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated that MAGE‐C1 protein expression closely mirrors mRNA profiles in tumors and is heterogeneous in its distribution across tumor cells."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nFunctional studies indicate that MAGE‐C1 plays a role in promoting malignant cell survival. In myeloma cell models, silencing of MAGE‐C1 resulted in a reduction of the G2/M cell cycle fraction and enhanced susceptibility to apoptosis induced by bortezomib. Furthermore, analyses using flow cytometry have demonstrated that MAGE‐C1 is expressed early in the malignant B cell lineage and in proliferative plasma cells, suggesting that it may sustain the tumorigenic phenotype by protecting cells from apoptosis and fostering cell cycle progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "17"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAdditional investigations have revealed that the regulation of MAGE‐C1 expression is complex. Although its high expression is a common feature in tumor tissues, changes in MAGE gene copy number do not consistently account for its overexpression, implying the involvement of alternative epigenetic or post‐transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. These findings underscore the dual role of MAGE‐C1 both as a prognostic marker and as a promising target for immunotherapy, given its immunogenic potential and restricted expression pattern."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "19", "end_ref": "21"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Achim A Jungbluth, Yao-Tseng Chen, Klaus J Busam, et al. 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