{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMAPK9 (also known as c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase 2 or JNK2) is a stress‐responsive mitogen‐activated protein kinase that mediates versatile cellular responses. In a variety of cells—from breast and endothelial to chondrocytic and immune cells – it is activated by diverse stimuli such as cytokines, oxidative challenges, mechanical or osmotic stress, and alterations in extracellular matrix composition. Such activation can trigger apoptosis or survival‐promoting signals depending on the context; for example, stress‐induced JNK2 activity contributes to cell cycle–dependent sensitization to apoptosis, modulates inflammatory gene expression (e.g. ICAM‑1) and barrier function, and participates in responses to ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic cascades."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn many cancers MAPK9 plays a critical – yet context‐dependent – role in tumor progression. In certain neoplastic settings, such as in multiple myeloma, colorectal, pancreatic, and head and neck as well as lung tumors, constitutive JNK2 activity supports tumor cell survival, proliferation and even the maintenance of a tumor‐initiating (or cancer stem cell) pool. It does so by modulating key downstream effectors (including the transcription factor c‑Jun, AP‑1 components, and regulators of SIRT1 stability) and by suppressing pro‐apoptotic signals (for instance by antagonizing JNK1‐mediated apoptosis). In addition, microRNA regulation of MAPK9 levels (for example, via miR‑200c in multidrug‐resistant colorectal cancers) has been shown to affect chemoresponsiveness and invasive behavior, highlighting its potential as both a prognostic marker and therapeutic target."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "9", "end_ref": "22"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMoreover, MAPK9 integrates into broader intracellular signaling networks through direct physical interactions and cross‐talk with other kinases and regulatory proteins. Structural studies have shown that a unique MAP kinase insert in JNK2 is key to its autophosphorylation and catalytic regulation, while its interaction with proteins such as GSTπ, ATF2, Elk‑1, and components of the ASK1–MEK–Akt cascade modulates transcription factor activity and alters the expression of genes critical for proliferation and survival (for example, TBP, COX‑2, and various cell cycle regulators). Such signaling interplays not only determine the cellular response to environmental stress and metabolic cues but also influence key pathological processes including inflammation‐associated barrier dysfunction and epithelial junction remodeling."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "23", "end_ref": "37"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Amy M Mingo-Sion, Peter M Marietta, Erich Koller, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Inhibition of JNK reduces G2/M transit independent of p53, leading to endoreduplication, decreased proliferation, and apoptosis in breast cancer cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncogene (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.onc.1207147"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1207147"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "14724588"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14724588"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rongsong Li, Zhi Ning, Jeffery Cui, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ultrafine particles from diesel engines induce vascular oxidative stress via JNK activation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Free Radic Biol Med (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.11.025"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.11.025"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19154785"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19154785"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dan Yang, Shubin Guo, Tianpeng Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hypothermia attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced endothelial cell apoptosis via alterations in apoptotic pathways and JNK signaling."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FEBS Lett (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.febslet.2009.07.006"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2009.07.006"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19596001"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19596001"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chuen-Mao Yang, Shue-Fen Luo, Hsi-Lung Hsieh, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Interleukin-1beta induces ICAM-1 expression enhancing leukocyte adhesion in human rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts: involvement of ERK, JNK, AP-1, and NF-kappaB."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Physiol (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/jcp.22153"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.22153"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20432452"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20432452"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jin Chai, Yu He, Shi-Ying Cai, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elevated hepatic multidrug resistance-associated protein 3/ATP-binding cassette subfamily C 3 expression in human obstructive cholestasis is mediated through tumor necrosis factor alpha and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase-signaling pathway."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hepatology (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/hep.24801"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.24801"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22105759"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22105759"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "M Raciti, L V Lotti, S Valia, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "JNK2 is activated during ER stress and promotes cell survival."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Dis (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/cddis.2012.167"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2012.167"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23171849"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23171849"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Heba M Ismail, Kazuhiro Yamamoto, Tonia L Vincent, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Interleukin-1 Acts via the JNK-2 Signaling Pathway to Induce Aggrecan Degradation by Human Chondrocytes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Arthritis Rheumatol (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/art.39099"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/art.39099"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25776267"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25776267"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Aditya Garg, Angela Zhao, Sarah L Erickson, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pregnane X Receptor Activation Attenuates Inflammation-Associated Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction by Inhibiting Cytokine-Induced Myosin Light-Chain Kinase Expression and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase 1/2 Activation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Pharmacol Exp Ther (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1124/jpet.116.234096"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.116.234096"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27440420"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27440420"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jian Cui, Marina Holgado-Madruga, Wanwen Su, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification of a specific domain responsible for JNK2alpha2 autophosphorylation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M412165200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M412165200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15637069"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15637069"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elizabeth Tafolla, Shaohui Wang, Benita Wong, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "JNK1 and JNK2 oppositely regulate p53 in signaling linked to apoptosis triggered by an altered fibronectin matrix: JNK links FAK and p53."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M500331200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M500331200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15778501"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15778501"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jae J Song, Yong J Lee "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cross-talk between JIP3 and JIP1 during glucose deprivation: SEK1-JNK2 and Akt1 act as mediators."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M502318200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M502318200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15911620"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15911620"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shuping Zhong, Jody Fromm, Deborah L Johnson "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TBP is differentially regulated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) and JNK2 through Elk-1, controlling c-Jun expression and cell proliferation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.01365-06"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.01365-06"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17074809"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17074809"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Neil D Gross, Jay O Boyle, Baoheng Du, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Inhibition of Jun NH2-terminal kinases suppresses the growth of experimental head and neck squamous cell carcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Cancer Res (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0352"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0352"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17908987"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17908987"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jack Ford, Shafiq Ahmed, Simon Allison, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "JNK2-dependent regulation of SIRT1 protein stability."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Cycle (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4161/cc.7.19.6799"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4161/cc.7.19.6799"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18838864"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18838864"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chen Huang, Minghua Wu, Yunlian Tang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "NAG7 promotes human nasopharyngeal carcinoma invasion through inhibition of estrogen receptor alpha and up-regulation of JNK2/AP-1/MMP1 pathways."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Physiol (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/jcp.21867"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.21867"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19591174"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19591174"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jian Cui, Qingyang Wang, Jing Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Basal c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase activity is essential for survival and proliferation of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cancer Ther (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-09-0408"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-09-0408"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19996270"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19996270"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A Barbarulo, V Iansante, A Chaidos, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family member 14 (PARP14) is a novel effector of the JNK2-dependent pro-survival signal in multiple myeloma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncogene (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/onc.2012.448"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2012.448"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23045269"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23045269"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Masashi Okada, Keita Shibuya, Atsushi Sato, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Specific role of JNK in the maintenance of the tumor-initiating capacity of A549 human non-small cell lung cancer cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncol Rep (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3892/or.2013.2655"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2013.2655"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23912840"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23912840"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Masashi Okada, Keita Shibuya, Atsushi Sato, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Targeting the K-Ras--JNK axis eliminates cancer stem-like cells and prevents pancreatic tumor formation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncotarget (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.18632/oncotarget.2087"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.2087"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24947996"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24947996"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hua Sui, Guo-Xiang Cai, Shu-Fang Pan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "miR200c attenuates P-gp-mediated MDR and metastasis by targeting JNK2/c-Jun signaling pathway in colorectal cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cancer Ther (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-14-0167"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-14-0167"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25205654"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25205654"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Malgorzata Gozdecka, Stephen Lyons, Saki Kondo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "JNK suppresses tumor formation via a gene-expression program mediated by ATF2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Rep (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.043"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.043"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25456131"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25456131"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ko-Hsiu Lu, Shih-Chi Su, Chiao-Wen Lin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Melatonin attenuates osteosarcoma cell invasion by suppression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 24 through inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Pineal Res (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/jpi.12507"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12507"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29766567"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29766567"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "You Cheng Xu, Ru Feng Wu, Ying Gu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Involvement of TRAF4 in oxidative activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M202665200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M202665200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12023963"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12023963"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yong-Min Yang, Frédéric Bost, Wilfried Charbono, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "C-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase mediates proliferation and tumor growth of human prostate carcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Cancer Res (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12538493"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12538493"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 25, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "James P Abulencia, Renee Gaspard, Zachary R Healy, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shear-induced cyclooxygenase-2 via a JNK2/c-Jun-dependent pathway regulates prostaglandin receptor expression in chondrocytic cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M301378200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M301378200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12743126"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12743126"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 26, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kamal Krishna Biswas, Salunya Tancharoen, Krishna Pada Sarker, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cepharanthine triggers apoptosis in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HuH-7) through the activation of JNK1/2 and the downregulation of Akt."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FEBS Lett (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.048"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.048"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16412424"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16412424"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 27, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lin Zhang, Shen-Hsi Yang, Andrew D Sharrocks "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rev7/MAD2B links c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase pathway signaling to activation of the transcription factor Elk-1."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.02276-06"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.02276-06"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17296730"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17296730"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 28, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mohammed Bourdi, Midhun C Korrapati, Mala Chakraborty, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Protective role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 in acetaminophen-induced liver injury."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.065"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.065"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18586006"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18586006"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 29, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "David Shaw, Sandra M Wang, Armando G Villaseñor, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The crystal structure of JNK2 reveals conformational flexibility in the MAP kinase insert and indicates its involvement in the regulation of catalytic activity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Mol Biol (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.jmb.2008.08.086"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2008.08.086"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18801372"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18801372"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 30, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sonia Fernández-Veledo, Rocio Vila-Bedmar, Iria Nieto-Vazquez, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 activation by tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces insulin resistance in human visceral but not subcutaneous adipocytes: reversal by liver X receptor agonists."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1210/jc.2009-0558"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-0558"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19567513"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19567513"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 31, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shafiq Uddin Ahmed, Jo Milner "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Basal cancer cell survival involves JNK2 suppression of a novel JNK1/c-Jun/Bcl-3 apoptotic network."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0007305"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007305"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19806201"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19806201"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 32, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "G Samak, T Suzuki, A Bhargava, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-2 mediates osmotic stress-induced tight junction disruption in the intestinal epithelium."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1152/ajpgi.00265.2010"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00265.2010"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20595622"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20595622"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 33, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Anastasia F Thévenin, Chati L Zony, Brian J Bahnson, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "GST pi modulates JNK activity through a direct interaction with JNK substrate, ATF2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Protein Sci (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/pro.609"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.609"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21384452"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21384452"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 34, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "V Tomlinson, K Gudmundsdottir, P Luong, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "JNK phosphorylates Yes-associated protein (YAP) to regulate apoptosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Dis (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/cddis.2010.7"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2010.7"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21364637"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21364637"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 35, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dong-Jie Li, Ting Zhao, Ru-Juan Xin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor protects against oxidant stress damage through reducing vascular peroxidase-1 in a JNK signaling-dependent manner in endothelial cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Physiol Biochem (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1159/000358627"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000358627"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24556843"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24556843"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 36, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Francisco Javier Cubero, Miguel Eugenio Zoubek, Wei Hu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Combined Activities of JNK1 and JNK2 in Hepatocytes Protect Against Toxic Liver Injury."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gastroenterology (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1053/j.gastro.2015.12.019"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2015.12.019"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26708719"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26708719"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 37, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Guoliang Zhang, Xi Liu, Wenfei Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Down-regulation of miR-20a-5p triggers cell apoptosis to facilitate mycobacterial clearance through targeting JNK2 in human macrophages."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Cycle (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1080/15384101.2016.1215386"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15384101.2016.1215386"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27494776"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27494776"}]}]}]}