{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMCRS1 (also known as the 58‐kDa microspherule protein or MSP58) plays critical roles in mitotic spindle assembly and the maintenance of microtubule dynamics. In dividing cells, MCRS1 is a RanGTP‐regulated factor that concentrates at the minus ends of chromosomal microtubules and kinetochore fibers, where it safeguards these structures from depolymerization. In addition, MCRS1 is subject to regulatory phosphorylation by key mitotic kinases such as Aurora‐A and Mps1, which fine‐tune its activity to ensure proper kinetochore–microtubule attachments and accurate chromosome segregation. Moreover, MCRS1 interacts with components of the dynein motor machinery to enable centrosome-dependent cargo transport and functions in primary cilium formation, underscoring its importance in maintaining spindle integrity and overall microtubule organization."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn the nucleus and particularly within the nucleolus, MCRS1 exerts transcriptional regulatory functions. It interacts with transcriptional modulators such as Daxx, Mi‐2β, RFP, UBF and RINT‐1, thereby influencing the transcription of ribosomal DNA and contributing to ribosome biogenesis. Additionally, MCRS1 can bind RNA‐binding proteins like FMRP, suggesting that it may assist in escorting ribonucleoprotein complexes from the nucleus to distant subcellular compartments, an activity that is especially relevant in neurons. Such interactions underscore a role for MCRS1 in coordinating gene expression and RNA metabolism."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMCRS1 is frequently overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, including non‐small cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and gliomas. In these settings, elevated levels of MCRS1 are associated with enhanced cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Functional studies have revealed that MCRS1 may drive oncogenic processes by modulating cell cycle regulators such as cyclin D1, CDK4 and p21, and by engaging signaling pathways—for example, by influencing Wnt/β‐catenin activity. Furthermore, regulation by microRNAs (e.g. miR‐186) and by interactions with other proteins (such as BAP1, which stabilizes MCRS1 via de‑ubiquitination) indicates that altered MCRS1 expression is not only a driver of tumorigenesis but also a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "12", "end_ref": "26"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAdditional layers of MCRS1 function include its participation in the regulation of cell cycle progression, cellular senescence, and centrosome integrity. Studies have shown that MCRS1 can induce senescence via activation of the DNA damage response and the p53/p21 pathway, while its depletion can result in cell cycle arrest and impaired cell viability. MCRS1 is also integrated into centrosomal protein complexes, where it interacts with factors such as Nde1 to secure proper mitotic progression. These multifunctional roles are mediated by its capacity to interact with a variety of regulatory proteins and to be modulated via the ubiquitin‑proteasome system."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "27", "end_ref": "31"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nOverall, current findings position MCRS1 as a multifaceted protein that orchestrates key aspects of both mitotic progression and gene regulation, with its dysregulation contributing to genomic instability and tumorigenesis. As highlighted in recent comprehensive reviews, the dynamic subcellular localization and diverse protein–protein interactions of MCRS1 underpin its dual roles as a cell cycle regulator and an oncogene, making it a promising candidate for future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "32"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sylvain Meunier, Isabelle Vernos "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "K-fibre minus ends are stabilized by a RanGTP-dependent mechanism essential for functional spindle assembly."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Cell Biol (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ncb2372"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2372"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22081094"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22081094"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sylvain Meunier, Krystal Timón, Isabelle Vernos "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Aurora-A regulates MCRS1 function during mitosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Cycle (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1080/15384101.2016.1187342"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15384101.2016.1187342"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27192185"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27192185"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hongdan Yang, Fengxia Zhang, Ching-Jung Huang, et al. 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