MFN1 Gene

Name	mitofusin 1
Description	The protein encoded by this gene is a mediator of mitochondrial fusion. This protein and mitofusin 2 are homologs of the Drosophila protein fuzzy onion (Fzo). They are mitochondrial membrane proteins that interact with each other to facilitate mitochondrial targeting. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMitofusin‐1 (MFN1) is a central dynamin‐related GTPase anchored in the outer mitochondrial membrane that mediates mitochondrial fusion. Structural and biochemical studies have revealed that MFN1 contains a canonical GTPase domain alongside helical bundles and redox‐sensitive regions that undergo conformational rearrangements upon GTP binding and hydrolysis. Such nucleotide-dependent dimerization and accompanying movements of its amphipathic helical elements are thought to tether adjacent mitochondrial membranes to initiate fusion, thereby maintaining a dynamic and interconnected mitochondrial network essential for cellular fitness."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPrecise regulation of MFN1 levels is critical for mitochondrial quality control. Damaged mitochondria are prevented from refusion through the targeted ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome-dependent degradation of MFN1 mediated by E3 ubiquitin ligases—including Parkin, as well as other factors such as MARCH5, Gp78, and MGRN1. Such regulatory modifications ensure that dysfunctional mitochondria are earmarked for mitophagy and that fusion–fission balance is maintained, with disruptions in this ubiquitin-dependent turnover process contributing to aberrant mitochondrial elongation, imbalanced dynamics, and even cellular senescence."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "8", "end_ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its mechanistic role in fusion, MFN1 exerts broad influence over cellular physiology. It cooperates with inner membrane fusion factors such as OPA1 to modulate mitochondrial architecture and has been implicated in diverse signaling pathways—impacting insulin secretion, innate immune responses, neural integrity and stem cell fate. Altered MFN1 expression or regulation in disease models has been linked to conditions ranging from neurodegeneration and certain cancers (including osteosarcoma and liver tumors) to heart failure, underscoring its potential as both a biomarker and a therapeutic target in pathologies associated with mitochondrial dysfunction."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "16", "end_ref": "22"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Frédéric Legros, Anne Lombès, Paule Frachon, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mitochondrial fusion in human cells is efficient, requires the inner membrane potential, and is mediated by mitofusins."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Biol Cell (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1091/mbc.e02-06-0330"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e02-06-0330"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12475957"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12475957"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sara Cipolat, Olga Martins de Brito, Barbara Dal Zilio, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "OPA1 requires mitofusin 1 to promote mitochondrial fusion."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0407043101"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407043101"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15509649"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15509649"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yuanbo Qi, Liming Yan, Caiting Yu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Structures of human mitofusin 1 provide insight into mitochondrial tethering."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Biol (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1083/jcb.201609019"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201609019"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27920125"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27920125"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yu-Lu Cao, Shuxia Meng, Yang Chen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "MFN1 structures reveal nucleotide-triggered dimerization critical for mitochondrial fusion."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nature21077"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21077"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28114303"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28114303"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sevan Mattie, Jan Riemer, Jeremy G Wideman, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Structural basis for GTP hydrolysis and conformational change of MFN1 in mediating membrane fusion."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Struct Mol Biol (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41594-018-0034-8"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-018-0034-8"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29483649"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29483649"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Frédéric Daste, Cécile Sauvanet, Andrej Bavdek, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Loss of MARCH5 mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin ligase induces cellular senescence through dynamin-related protein 1 and mitofusin 1."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Sci (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1242/jcs.061481"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.061481"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20103533"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20103533"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Matthew E Gegg, J Mark Cooper, Kai-Yin Chau, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proteasome and p97 mediate mitophagy and degradation of mitofusins induced by Parkin."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Biol (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1083/jcb.201007013"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201007013"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21173115"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21173115"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Liliane Glauser, Sarah Sonnay, Klodjan Stafa, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Selective actions of mitochondrial fission/fusion genes on metabolism-secretion coupling in insulin-releasing cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M806251200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M806251200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18832378"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18832378"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kazuhide Onoguchi, Koji Onomoto, Shiori Takamatsu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Virus-infection or 5'ppp-RNA activates antiviral signal through redistribution of IPS-1 mediated by MFN1."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS Pathog (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.ppat.1001012"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001012"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20661427"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20661427"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Seung-Hyuk Chung, Marco Calafiore, Jennifer M Plane, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mitochondrial Fusion Via OPA1 and MFN1 Supports Liver Tumor Cell Metabolism and Growth."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cells (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3390/cells9010121"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9010121"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31947947"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31947947"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yung Ting Hsiao, Ippei Shimizu, Takayuki Wakasugi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cardiac mitofusin-1 is reduced in non-responding patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sci Rep (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41598-021-86209-y"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86209-y"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33762690"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33762690"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	HFZO2, HFZO1
Proteins	MFN1_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	55669
API
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Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

MFN1 has 7,032 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 128 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for MFN1 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

MFN1 Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles	cell lines with fitness changed by MFN1 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of MFN1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of MFN1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of MFN1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of MFN1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of MFN1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of MFN1 gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of MFN1 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of MFN1 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of MFN1 gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of MFN1 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of MFN1 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with MFN1 protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with MFN1 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of MFN1 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of MFN1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of MFN1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas	gene perturbations changing expression of MFN1 gene from the CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas dataset.
	CM4AI U2OS Cell Map Protein Localization Assemblies	assemblies containing MFN1 protein from integrated AP-MS and IF data from the CM4AI U2OS Cell Map Protein Localization Assemblies dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of MFN1 gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing MFN1 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing MFN1 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing MFN1 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with MFN1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with MFN1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of MFN1 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with MFN1 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with MFN1 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with MFN1 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action	small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of MFN1 protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by MFN1 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases associated with MFN1 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with MFN1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with MFN1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with MFN1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with MFN1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at MFN1 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of MFN1 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of MFN1 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing MFN1 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.