{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThe mannose receptor, encoded by the MRC1 gene and also known as CD206, functions as a multifunctional C‐type lectin receptor expressed primarily on macrophages and dendritic cells. MRC1 recognizes and internalizes a wide range of ligands via specific carbohydrate moieties, thereby facilitating pathogen uptake and modulating intracellular signaling. For example, engagement of MRC1 by the mannose‐capped lipoarabinomannan of Mycobacterium tuberculosis directs bacilli into a specialized phagosomal niche and activates pathways that include PPARγ induction (see."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, selective ligation of MRC1 on immature dendritic cells by monoclonal antibodies or natural ligands initiates a cytokine secretion program—characterized by increased IL‑10 and IL‑1 receptor antagonist production—that shifts T‐cell responses toward a Th2 profile."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, MRC1‐mediated recognition provokes NF‑κB and MAPK activation in response to pathogens such as Pneumocystis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", while dimeric forms of MRC1 preferentially bind the HIV‑1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 leading to nonproductive viral entry."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its direct role in pathogen recognition, MRC1 engagement orchestrates broader immunomodulatory functions. In the tumor milieu, macrophage MRC1 is highly expressed on tumor‐associated macrophages where ligation by tumoral mucins drives secretion of IL‑10 along with suppression of Th1‐attracting chemokines."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Binding of galectin‑9 to CD206 further reprograms M2 macrophages to secrete pro-angiogenic factors and chemokines that support tumor progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, MRC1 influences adaptive immunity by directly interacting with CD45 on CD8⁺ T cells, thereby attenuating cytotoxic functions and promoting T‑cell tolerance"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and by mediating the uptake of immunogenic self‐proteins, such as coagulation factor VIII, which can influence T‐cell activation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Genetic variation in MRC1 has been linked to altered susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory diseases: polymorphisms in exon 7 have been associated with leprosy risk"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "14"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", while variants in MRC1 are also correlated with asthma susceptibility"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and have been implicated in tuberculosis predisposition."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "16"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMRC1 also plays important roles in tissue homeostasis and cellular trafficking. Increased expression of CD206 on alveolar macrophages is a hallmark of alternatively activated (M2‐polarized) cells in chronic lung diseases such as COPD"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and elevated levels of its soluble form serve as prognostic biomarkers in pulmonary tuberculosis"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "19"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and community‐acquired pneumonia."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "20"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In reproductive tissues, MRC1 expressed by uterine natural killer cells mediates the binding of human chorionic gonadotrophin, thereby regulating cell proliferation critical for implantation"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "21"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and its differential expression in decidual macrophages underscores roles in materno‑fetal immune tolerance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "22"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Furthermore, MRC1 on lymphatic endothelial cells contributes to lymphocyte trafficking via interaction with L‑selectin"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "23"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and the receptor’s binding specificity is exploited in the design of receptor‑targeted imaging agents such as tilmanocept."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "24"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Functional analyses in transfected cell models further indicate that while MRC1 effectively binds soluble ligands, additional co‐receptors may be required to trigger full phagocytic responses"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "26"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and studies using murine models demonstrate that MRC1 is necessary for the uptake and proper endolysosomal trafficking of CpG‐containing oligodeoxynucleotides."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "27"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Finally, complementary findings underscore the receptor’s involvement in mesenchymal stem cell–macrophage cross talk"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "28"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", its prognostic significance in glioma where higher CD206 expression in tumor‐infiltrating macrophages correlates with poor clinical outcomes"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "29"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and its potential contributions to the pathophysiology of other conditions such as gastroparesis"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "30"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and dermatomyositis‐associated interstitial lung disease."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "31"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, endocytic studies have shown that MRC1 mediates the uptake of ADAMTS13 by dendritic cells"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "32"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", while alterations in macrophage adhesion molecules during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection may indirectly affect MRC1‐related pathways."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "33"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Recent analyses in other inflammatory settings, including studies on peritoneal dendritic cell subsets"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "34"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "and investigations into the role of MRC1 in the vaginal epithelium relevant to HIV transmission"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "35"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", along with reports of founder mutations in related pathways"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "36"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", further illuminate the diverse and integrated roles of MRC1 in both innate and adaptive immunity.\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Peter B Kang, Abul K Azad, Jordi B Torrelles, et al. 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