{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeta‐microseminoprotein (also known as PSP94), encoded by the MSMB gene, is an abundant secretory protein of the prostate and a major constituent of semen. It has been proposed as a prostate cancer biomarker and candidate tumor suppressor, with its expression found to be robust in normal prostatic tissue but markedly diminished in advanced, hormone-refractory cancers. Moreover, MSMB/PSP94 has been implicated in interactions with proteins such as CRISP‐3, suggesting additional roles in modulating local cellular environments within the male reproductive tract."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nGenome-wide association and fine-mapping studies have provided compelling evidence that common sequence variants in the regulatory region of MSMB—most notably the rs10993994 single nucleotide polymorphism—are associated with prostate cancer risk. Functional assays reveal that the risk allele dramatically reduces promoter activity, leading to lower MSMB transcription and consequently decreased protein levels in prostate tissue and biological fluids. These findings support a model in which genetic determinants that lower MSMB expression may impair its pro-apoptotic and tumor-suppressive functions, potentially contributing to prostate carcinogenesis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "4", "end_ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nClinically, decreased MSMB expression has been strongly linked to adverse prostate cancer outcomes. Experimental data indicate that MSMB plays a role in regulating apoptosis and suppressing tumor growth and metastasis. Low levels of MSMB in tumor tissue are associated with aggressive disease and an increased risk of biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy. Thus, beyond its utility as a biomarker for prostate cancer detection, MSMB expression status may also provide prognostic value for assessing tumor behavior and guiding therapeutic decisions."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "8", "end_ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gilles Thomas, Kevin B Jacobs, Meredith Yeager, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Fine mapping association study and functional analysis implicate a SNP in MSMB at 10q11 as a causal variant for prostate cancer risk."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hum Mol Genet (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/hmg/ddp035"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddp035"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19153072"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19153072"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hong Lou, Meredith Yeager, Hongchuan Li, et al. 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