{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMSR1, also known as scavenger receptor class A, is a multifunctional receptor expressed predominantly on macrophages that mediates the recognition, binding, and internalization of a wide range of ligands. It participates in the clearance of modified lipoproteins and apoptotic cells, contributes to foam cell formation in atherosclerosis, and even binds extracellular double‐stranded RNA to trigger innate antiviral responses. In addition, MSR1 regulates cell adhesion and modulates downstream signaling pathways – for example, through interactions with TRAF6 that dampen TLR4‐induced NF‑κB activation, or via K63 polyubiquitylation that mobilizes the TAK1/MKK7/JNK complex, thereby switching macrophage phenotypes. Moreover, studies in virus‐exposed monocytes have shown that MSR1 facilitates the uptake of viral components in cooperation with Toll‑like receptors."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn various tissue microenvironments, particularly within tumors and inflamed organs, MSR1 is a critical mediator of macrophage polarization and functional modulation. Its expression—often detected via the CD204 marker—correlates with the accumulation of tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) in cancers such as esophageal, urothelial, lung, glioma, and breast carcinomas. These MSR1‑expressing macrophages can help shape the pro‑ or anti‑tumorigenic microenvironment by regulating cytokine production, angiogenesis, and interactions with other immune cells. In pulmonary disorders, increased expression on alveolar macrophages has been linked to disease severity, while in the lymphatic system MSR1 expressed on afferent vessels may contribute to lymphocyte trafficking."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "13", "end_ref": "22"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nGenetic studies have further implicated MSR1 as a candidate susceptibility gene in prostate cancer and possibly other malignancies. Mutations and common allelic variants in the MSR1 gene have been evaluated in diverse populations, with some reports supporting an association between rare missense or nonsense mutations and increased disease risk, while other studies have yielded more equivocal results. 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