MSRA Gene

Name	methionine sulfoxide reductase A
Description	This gene encodes a ubiquitous and highly conserved protein that carries out the enzymatic reduction of methionine sulfoxide to methionine. Human and animal studies have shown the highest levels of expression in kidney and nervous tissue. The protein functions in the repair of oxidatively damaged proteins to restore biological activity. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, May 2014]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nGenetic studies have implicated the MSRA locus in diverse metabolic and developmental processes. Genome‐wide analyses have identified variants near or within MSRA that associate with central adiposity and early‐onset obesity, suggesting that MSRA may contribute to the regulation of waist circumference and fat distribution. In addition, polymorphisms in MSRA have been linked to other complex traits—including altered fluid intelligence in schizophrenia, predisposition to meconium ileus in cystic fibrosis, and susceptibility to cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients—pointing toward its potential role as a genetic modifier in multiple human conditions."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAt the cellular level, methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA) functions as a critical repair enzyme that reduces oxidized methionine residues back to methionine, thereby contributing to antioxidant defenses and protein homeostasis. Loss or diminished activity of MSRA has been observed in several age‐related conditions: its deficiency in hair follicles is associated with the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and impaired repair of crucial enzymes such as tyrosinase, contributing to senile hair graying; similarly, reduced MSRA expression in the lens compromises the reversal of methionine oxidation and renders lens cells more vulnerable to oxidative stress, a factor implicated in age‐related cataract formation. Moreover, studies in replicative senescence models and in Caenorhabditis elegans further support MSRA’s role in protecting cells from oxidative damage, while its down‐regulation has been linked to depigmentary skin disorders like vitiligo and to altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling in liposarcoma. In addition, the regulation of MSRA activity—for example, via acetylation by ARD1 or reduction by glutaredoxins—modulates its antioxidant repair capacity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "7", "end_ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPost‐translational modifications further diversify MSRA’s functions by influencing its subcellular localization and interaction with other proteins. For instance, myristoylation targets MSRA to late endosomal compartments—via an interaction with STARD3—where it may play a specialized role in protecting endosomal proteins from oxidative damage. Additionally, expression studies in human skin have revealed that MSRA is widely distributed, being present in hair follicles, eccrine and sebaceous glands, which underscores its contribution to cutaneous antioxidant defense. Emerging work in ocular tissues also indicates that alternative reducing systems (such as those involving TXNL6) can support MSRA function under oxidative stress conditions in the lens."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "16", "end_ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cecilia M Lindgren, Iris M Heid, Joshua C Randall, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Variation in MSRA modifies risk of neonatal intestinal obstruction in cystic fibrosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS Genet (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pgen.1002580"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002580"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22438829"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22438829"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Geun-Hee Kwak, Kwang Yeon Hwang, Hwa-Young Kim "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Analyses of methionine sulfoxide reductase activities towards free and peptidyl methionine sulfoxides."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Arch Biochem Biophys (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.abb.2012.07.009"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2012.07.009"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22867795"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22867795"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ka Chen, Hongliang Liu, Zhensheng Liu, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Overexpression of MsrA protects WI-38 SV40 human fibroblasts against H2O2-mediated oxidative stress."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Free Radic Biol Med (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.06.017"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.06.017"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16257642"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16257642"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Karin U Schallreuter, Katharina Rübsam, Nicholas C J Gibbons, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Senile hair graying: H2O2-mediated oxidative stress affects human hair color by blunting methionine sulfoxide repair."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FASEB J (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1096/fj.08-125435"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.08-125435"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19237503"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19237503"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Alicia N Minniti, Romina Cataldo, Carla Trigo, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pannexin 3 inhibits proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells by regulating Wnt and p21 signaling."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M113.523241"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.523241"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24338011"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24338011"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "S-H Shin, H Yoon, Y-S Chun, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Arrest defective 1 regulates the oxidative stress response in human cells and mice by acetylating methionine sulfoxide reductase A."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Dis (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/cddis.2014.456"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2014.456"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25341044"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25341044"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hwa-Young Kim "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Glutaredoxin serves as a reductant for methionine sulfoxide reductases with or without resolving cysteine."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/abbs/gms038"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gms038"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22634633"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22634633"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Marc Kantorow, John R Hawse, Tracy L Cowell, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Methionine sulfoxide reductase A is important for lens cell viability and resistance to oxidative stress."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0403532101"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403532101"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15199188"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15199188"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jung Mi Lim, Jung Chae Lim, Geumsoo Kim, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Myristoylated methionine sulfoxide reductase A is a late endosomal protein."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.RA117.000473"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.RA117.000473"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29593096"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29593096"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wirach M Taungjaruwinai, Jag Bhawan, Michelle Keady, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Differential expression of the antioxidant repair enzyme methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSRA and MSRB) in human skin."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Dermatopathol (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181882c21"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181882c21"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19542914"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19542914"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lisa A Brennan, Wanda Lee, Marc Kantorow "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "TXNL6 is a novel oxidative stress-induced reducing system for methionine sulfoxide reductase a repair of α-crystallin and cytochrome C in the eye lens."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0015421"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015421"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21079812"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21079812"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	PMSR
Proteins	MSRA_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	4482
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

MSRA has 7,367 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 127 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for MSRA from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

MSRA Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles	cell lines with fitness changed by MSRA gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of MSRA gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of MSRA gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of MSRA gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of MSRA gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of MSRA gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of MSRA gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of MSRA gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of MSRA gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of MSRA gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of MSRA gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of MSRA gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with MSRA protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with MSRA gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of MSRA gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of MSRA gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of MSRA gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of MSRA gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing MSRA protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing MSRA protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing MSRA protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with MSRA protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with MSRA protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of MSRA gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with MSRA gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with MSRA gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with MSRA gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations	traits associated with MSRA gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations dataset.
	DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action	small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of MSRA protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by MSRA gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases associated with MSRA gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases associated with MSRA gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with MSRA gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with MSRA gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with MSRA gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with MSRA gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	DrugBank Drug Targets	interacting drugs for MSRA protein from the curated DrugBank Drug Targets dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at MSRA gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of MSRA gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of MSRA gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.