{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMUC13 is a high‐molecular‐weight transmembrane mucin normally expressed in the gastrointestinal and airway epithelia that becomes aberrantly overexpressed in several epithelial malignancies. In gastric cancer, for instance, MUC13 is significantly upregulated and its distinct apical versus cytoplasmic staining patterns correlate with different tumor phenotypes, suggesting a role not only as a differentiation marker but potentially in tumor initiation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Similarly, in ovarian cancer, ectopic expression of MUC13 induces marked changes in cell morphology, reduces cell–cell adhesion, and enhances cell motility, proliferation, and tumorigenicity, indicating an oncogenic function."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn pancreatic cancer, MUC13 plays a critical role in promoting aggressive tumor behavior. Functional studies have demonstrated that forced expression of MUC13 in pancreatic cancer cell lines leads to increased cell motility, invasion, and proliferation, while also enhancing tumor growth in xenograft models. These effects are mediated, at least in part, through the activation of HER2 signaling and are subject to regulation by microRNAs such as miR‐145, underlining its potential as both a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn colorectal and colon cancers, MUC13 overexpression is not only evident but is also associated with aberrant subcellular localization; its atypical distribution to the cytoplasm and nucleus correlates with a more metastatic and poorly differentiated phenotype. In preclinical models, loss of MUC13 results in reduced tumor formation, with evidence suggesting that MUC13 enhances oncogenesis by protecting β‐catenin from degradation and by establishing an immunosuppressive microenvironment that promotes tumor progression. Furthermore, increased expression of MUC13 has been validated in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and in certain neuroendocrine tumors, reinforcing its broad significance as a biomarker and as a putative target for novel therapeutic strategies."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "9", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Takahiro Shimamura, Hirotaka Ito, Junji Shibahara, et al. 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