{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMUC2 is the principal gel‐forming mucin produced by intestinal goblet cells and plays a critical role in establishing the protective mucus barrier that covers the epithelium. It polymerizes by means of its N‐terminal trimerization and C‐terminal dimerization to create a highly organized, layered mucus gel that both segregates the commensal microflora and shields the epithelial surface from mechanical and microbial damage. Its extensive O‑glycosylation not only contributes to the biophysical properties of the mucus but also creates defined attachment sites for the resident flora, thereby contributing to intestinal homeostasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMUC2 expression is tightly regulated by key transcription factors and diverse intracellular signaling pathways that integrate developmental and inflammatory cues. For instance, CDX2 directly activates the MUC2 promoter to promote goblet cell differentiation, whereas factors such as Sox9 can transcriptionally repress MUC2 as part of maintaining progenitor phenotypes in the intestinal crypts. Inflammatory mediators and cytokines (including IL‑4, IL‑13, TNF‑α, and TGF‑β) modulate MUC2 mRNA levels via MAPK, NF‑κB, and other kinase pathways, while epigenetic mechanisms (DNA methylation and histone modifications) further influence its expression. Altered MUC2 expression is observed in various disease states—its downregulation is associated with barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, whereas its aberrant de novo expression in gastric neoplasia reflects an intestinal metaplasia phenotype."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its roles in barrier formation and epithelial protection, MUC2 is a key determinant in host–pathogen interactions. 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In addition, MUC2 can modulate innate responses by influencing antimicrobial peptide production and by interacting with bacterial products, thus contributing to a finely tuned equilibrium between defense and microbial colonization."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "19", "end_ref": "29"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Philippe Blache, Marc van de Wetering, Isabelle Duluc, et al. 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