{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMUC20 functions as a modulatory glycoprotein in epithelial cells by interacting with key signaling pathways. In renal and other epithelial tissues, the C‐terminal region of MUC20 binds to the docking site of the receptor tyrosine kinase Met, thereby inhibiting recruitment of Grb2 and attenuating the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)–induced Grb2–Ras–ERK1/2 pathway. This regulatory inhibition modulates cellular responses such as proliferation and matrix metalloproteinase expression, and in the context of cancer, contributes to altered malignant phenotypes. Moreover, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells, MUC20 expression is upregulated in response to hypoxic, acidic, or nutrient‐deprived conditions and potentiates HGF/MET signaling, correlating with enhanced tumor aggressiveness and poorer progression‐free survival. Similar implications in tumor biology are evident in esophageal and ovarian carcinomas, while in mantle cell lymphoma, reduced MUC20 levels are linked with proteasome inhibitor resistance through an inverse relationship with c-Met activation and proteassemblin (POMP) expression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond oncogenesis, MUC20 also emerges as a biomarker in non‐neoplastic diseases. In colorectal cancer, its significant upregulation is associated with poorer patient outcomes. In patients with IgA nephropathy, variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms in the MUC20 gene have been linked with an increased risk of decline in renal function, suggesting a role in disease progression. In addition, in ulcerative colitis, lower MUC20 expression is observed during active disease while higher expression correlates with histological remission, further underscoring its potential as a prognostic marker in inflammatory conditions."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMUC20 may also contribute to epithelial barrier function and tissue-specific signaling. At the ocular surface, studies have examined its localization and regulatory responses, suggesting a role in protecting the epithelial integrity of the eye. In the female reproductive tract, evidence of dynamic changes in MUC20 expression during the menstrual cycle point to hormonally regulated functions. Furthermore, a long noncoding RNA, lnc‐MUC20-9, has been shown to exert tumor suppressor effects in bladder cancer by interacting with the oncogenic protein ROCK1, thereby reducing cell growth and invasive potential."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "10", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Toshio Higuchi, Takuya Orita, Ken Katsuya, et al. 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