{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMUC7 is a low‐molecular‐weight, secreted mucin predominantly produced by the salivary glands, and it plays a central role in maintaining oral and respiratory health. Structurally, MUC7 (historically designated MG2) is characterized by a highly O‐glycosylated central domain that consists of tandem repeats, which are critical for its function in binding and clearance of oral microbes. MUC7 is not only expressed constitutively in the oral cavity but is also responsive to inflammatory signals, with its promoter activity being upregulated via NF‐κB pathways in airway epithelial cells. In addition, MUC7 can form complexes with other salivary proteins—such as amylase, proline‐rich proteins, statherin, and histatins—to enhance its protective capacity, and it may serve as a ligand for bacterial adhesins, facilitating the agglutination and subsequent clearance of pathogens."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its basic role as a component of saliva that facilitates lubrication and mechanical clearance, MUC7 exerts direct antimicrobial activity. Peptide fragments derived from its tandem repeat regions (for example, a 20‐mer fragment) display potent bactericidal and fungicidal effects by adopting amphipathic helical structures that disrupt microbial cells. MUC7 also serves as a substrate for bacterial proteases such as StcE (secreted by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli), which can alter saliva’s viscosity and potentially modulate host–pathogen interactions. Moreover, variations in MUC7’s glycosylation profile and tandem repeat number—as a result of genetic polymorphisms—have been linked to altered susceptibility and clinical outcomes in a range of conditions, including dental caries, periodontitis, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, burning mouth syndrome, bronchial asthma, and even HIV‐1 infection. Aberrant glycosylation (for example, reduced sialylation or loss of specific epitopes like sialyl‐Lewis^x) may impair its protective functions, while in other contexts, the expression level or variant form of MUC7 can serve as a potential diagnostic or prognostic marker in diseases such as bladder and renal cell carcinomas, and is reflective of epithelial responses in the larynx and other tissues."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "10", "end_ref": "27"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "H J Kirkbride, J G Bolscher, K Nazmi, et al. 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