NELFB Gene

Name	negative elongation factor complex member B
Description	NELFB is a subunit of negative elongation factor (NELF), which also includes NELFA (WHSC2; MIM 606026), either NELFC or NELFD (TH1L; MIM 605297), and NELFE (RDBP; MIM 154040). NELF acts with DRB sensitivity-inducing factor (DSIF), a heterodimer of SPT4 (SUPT4H1; MIM 603555) and SPT5 (SUPT5H; MIM 602102), to cause transcriptional pausing of RNA polymerase II (see MIM 180660) (Narita et al., 2003 [PubMed 12612062]).[supplied by OMIM, Mar 2008]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThe negative elongation factor (NELF) is a multiprotein complex that enforces promoter‐proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II, thus serving as a key regulator of transcription elongation. Central to this complex is the NELF-B subunit, also known as COBRA1, which plays a pivotal role in mediating intersubunit interactions and RNA binding. Structural studies have revealed that NELF-B, predicted to form a HEAT repeat fold, helps to anchor other RNA binding subunits and is crucial for the assembly and function of the complex. Moreover, alternative translational initiation of NELF-B, producing isoforms with indistinguishable activities in supporting cell proliferation, underscores its essential and conserved role in transcriptional control."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to pausing RNA polymerase II, NELF plays a significant role in coupling transcription with mRNA processing. NELF interacts with components such as the nuclear cap binding complex to facilitate the 3′ end processing of replication‐dependent histone mRNAs, ensuring that aberrant polyadenylation is avoided. At viral promoters such as that of HIV, the presence of NELF establishes a paused transcriptional state that is relieved upon viral factor recruitment, a process linked to chromatin remodeling. Furthermore, through its COBRA1/ NELF‑B subunit, NELF modulates the activity of various nuclear receptors—including estrogen, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors—thereby influencing both transcription elongation and alternative splicing, and even attenuating activator protein 1 (AP‑1) activity. Collectively, these activities contribute to the formation of specialized nuclear structures (NELF bodies) that may serve as hubs for coordinating transcription and RNA processing."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAlterations in the expression and regulation of NELF‑B/COBRA1 have been increasingly implicated in cancer biology. In breast, gastrointestinal, hepatocellular, and prostate cancers, dysregulated levels of NELF‑B have been associated with changes in receptor‐mediated transcription, alterations in cell growth and survival, and shifts in gene expression patterns that govern oncogenic progression. For instance, decreased COBRA1 expression in advanced breast cancer correlates with poor prognosis, while in prostate and liver cancers, its overexpression has been linked to enhanced androgen receptor signaling, increased proliferation, and migration. Such studies further indicate that coordinated post‑transcriptional mechanisms and epigenetic modifications—including RNA methylation events influencing NELF‑B pathways—are critical for fine‑tuning its activity in tumor development."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "11", "end_ref": "17"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Takashi Narita, Yuki Yamaguchi, Keiichi Yano, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Human transcription elongation factor NELF: identification of novel subunits and reconstitution of the functionally active complex."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.23.6.1863-1873.2003"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.23.6.1863-1873.2003"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12612062"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12612062"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Haihui Pan, Xiayan Zhao, Xiaowen Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Translational Initiation at a Non-AUG Start Codon for Human and Mouse Negative Elongation Factor-B."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0127422"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127422"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26010750"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26010750"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Seychelle M Vos, David Pöllmann, Livia Caizzi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Architecture and RNA binding of the human negative elongation factor."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elife (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.7554/eLife.14981"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14981"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27282391"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27282391"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yinghua Cao, Yan Qin, Weidi Zhang, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Negative elongation factor NELF represses human immunodeficiency virus transcription by pausing the RNA polymerase II complex."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M610688200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M610688200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17442680"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17442680"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Takashi Narita, Tetsu M C Yung, Junichi Yamamoto, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "NELF interacts with CBC and participates in 3' end processing of replication-dependent histone mRNAs."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.molcel.2007.04.011"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2007.04.011"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17499042"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17499042"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jianlong Sun, Ashley L Blair, Sarah E Aiyar, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Concerted transcriptional regulation by BRCA1 and COBRA1 in breast cancer cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Biol Sci (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.7150/ijbs.3.486"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.3.486"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18071589"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18071589"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tetsu M C Yung, Takashi Narita, Toshiharu Komori, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cellular dynamics of the negative transcription elongation factor NELF."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Exp Cell Res (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.02.013"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.02.013"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19245807"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19245807"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Min Luo, Xinping Lu, Rong Zhu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A conserved protein motif is required for full modulatory activity of negative elongation factor subunits NELF-A and NELF-B in modifying glucocorticoid receptor-regulated gene induction properties."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M113.512426"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.512426"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24097989"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24097989"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jianhua Zhu, Santai Song, Zefei Jiang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Characterization of COBRA1 in human breast cancer cell lines using a new polyclonal antibody against COBRA1."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "IUBMB Life (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1080/15216540410001699826"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15216540410001699826"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15185750"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15185750"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hongjun Zhong, Jianhua Zhu, Hao Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "COBRA1 inhibits AP-1 transcriptional activity in transfected cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.079"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.079"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15530430"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15530430"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Patricia A McChesney, Sarah E Aiyar, Ok-Jae Lee, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Knockdown of COBRA1 decreases the proliferation and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncol Rep (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3892/or.2017.5390"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2017.5390"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28112367"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28112367"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Huiyoung Yun, Roble Bedolla, Aaron Horning, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "BRCA1 Interacting Protein COBRA1 Facilitates Adaptation to Castrate-Resistant Growth Conditions."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Mol Sci (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3390/ijms19072104"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19072104"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30036938"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30036938"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chidiebere U Awah, Jan Winter, Claudiane M Mazdoom, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "NSUN6, an RNA methyltransferase of 5-mC controls glioblastoma response to temozolomide (TMZ) via NELFB and RPS6KB2 interaction."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Biol Ther (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1080/15384047.2021.1990631"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15384047.2021.1990631"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34705606"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34705606"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	COBRA1, NELF-B
Proteins	NELFB_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	25920
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

NELFB has 7,217 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 112 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for NELFB from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

NELFB Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of NELFB gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of NELFB gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of NELFB gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of NELFB gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of NELFB gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of NELFB gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of NELFB gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of NELFB gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of NELFB gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of NELFB gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of NELFB gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with NELFB protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with NELFB gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of NELFB gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of NELFB gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of NELFB gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas	gene perturbations changing expression of NELFB gene from the CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas dataset.
	CM4AI U2OS Cell Map Protein Localization Assemblies	assemblies containing NELFB protein from integrated AP-MS and IF data from the CM4AI U2OS Cell Map Protein Localization Assemblies dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of NELFB gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing NELFB protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing NELFB protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing NELFB protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with NELFB protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with NELFB protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	CORUM Protein Complexes	protein complexs containing NELFB protein from the CORUM Protein Complexes dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of NELFB gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with NELFB gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with NELFB gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with NELFB gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases associated with NELFB gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with NELFB gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with NELFB gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with NELFB gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with NELFB gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at NELFB gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of NELFB gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of NELFB gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing NELFB from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of NELFB gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations	biological terms co-occuring with NELFB gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.