{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nCarnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C (CPT1C) is a brain‐specific member of the CPT family that, unlike its liver and muscle homologues, exhibits an ambiguous enzymatic role and appears instead to function as a metabolic sensor. In tumor cells, CPT1C is up‐regulated under metabolic stress, promoting fatty acid oxidation, enhancing ATP production, and conferring resistance to hypoxia and glucose deprivation. Moreover, CPT1C is directly induced by p53, serving as a crucial mediator that enables tumor cells to adapt their metabolism in adverse microenvironments. Its apparent lack of conventional acyl transfer activity suggests that CPT1C’s primary function in cancer may be to integrate metabolic signals rather than to catalyze fatty acid oxidation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nWithin the central nervous system, CPT1C plays an indispensable role in energy homeostasis and the regulation of feeding behavior. Through its high‐affinity binding to malonyl‐CoA in hypothalamic neurons, CPT1C modulates the balance of orexigenic and anorexigenic signals. For instance, CPT1C is required for ghrelin’s orexigenic effects and for leptin’s appetite‐suppressing actions, with alterations in its function leading to significant changes in food intake, body weight, and fuel substrate partitioning. Targeted manipulations—ranging from gene knockout to ectopic overexpression—demonstrate that CPT1C influences systemic responses to high‐fat diets, impacts fatty acid oxidation, and is essential for the proper sensing of negative energy balance, thereby protecting against diet‐induced obesity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "4", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its metabolic regulatory functions, CPT1C is critical for proper neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive processes. In hippocampal and cortical neurons, CPT1C influences dendritic spine maturation and modulates AMPA receptor protein synthesis and trafficking, thereby affecting synaptic transmission and long‐term memory. Its regulatory action on ceramide metabolism—as well as its interactions with components of the endocannabinoid system—further underscore its role in maintaining neuronal integrity, with deficiencies linked to impaired spatial learning, altered oscillatory activity, and progressive motor deficits. Collectively, these findings highlight CPT1C as a multifunctional protein that integrates metabolic signals with neural function in both disease and physiological contexts."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "13", "end_ref": "19"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kathrin Zaugg, Yi Yao, Patrick T Reilly, et al. 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