{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThe hematopoietic‐restricted Rho family GTPase Rac2 acts as a central molecular switch that orchestrates cytoskeletal dynamics and signal transduction required for proper immune cell function. In neutrophils and B lymphocytes, for example, Rac2 is essential for modulating actin reorganization that underlies directed chemotaxis, adhesion and formation of immunological synapses, as well as coordinating receptor‐mediated signaling that governs cell survival and differentiation. These processes help guarantee accurate spatial targeting of key effector molecules including NADPH oxidase components and integrin complexes, ensuring efficient recognition and response to external stimuli."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond controlling actin-driven morphology and motility, Rac2 is indispensable for the generation and spatial deployment of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other redox signals that empower neutrophils to kill microbes and form extracellular traps, while also optimizing antigen cross‐presentation in dendritic cells. In T lymphocytes and macrophages, Rac2 modulates receptor–ligand signaling cascades that influence adhesion, migration and survival, and it regulates inflammasome activation via downstream kinases and effectors. Together, these functions enable leukocytes to properly coordinate inflammatory responses and maintain immune homeostasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "13", "end_ref": "24"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its well‐established roles in leukocyte function, Rac2 critically influences non–lymphoid cell activities—including osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, vascular homeostasis and tumor-associated immune regulation—by governing actin ring formation, cell–cell fusion and integrin-dependent signaling. Through such multifaceted activities, Rac2 integrates signals from diverse receptors to control cell adhesion, migration and effector responses across hematopoietic and other cell lineages, underscoring its importance in tissue remodeling and disease progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "25", "end_ref": "29"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ben A Croker, David M Tarlinton, Leonie A Cluse, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The Rac2 guanosine triphosphatase regulates B lymphocyte antigen receptor responses and chemotaxis and is required for establishment of B-1a and marginal zone B lymphocytes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Immunol (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4049/jimmunol.168.7.3376"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.168.7.3376"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11907095"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11907095"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ben A Croker, Emanuela Handman, John D Hayball, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rac2-deficient mice display perturbed T-cell distribution and chemotaxis, but only minor abnormalities in T(H)1 responses."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Immunol Cell Biol (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1046/j.1440-1711.2002.01077.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1711.2002.01077.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12067410"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12067410"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yi Gu, Michael C Byrne, Nivanka C Paranavitana, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rac2, a hematopoiesis-specific Rho GTPase, specifically regulates mast cell protease gene expression in bone marrow-derived mast cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.22.21.7645-7657.2002"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.22.21.7645-7657.2002"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12370311"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12370311"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shijun Li, Akira Yamauchi, Christophe C Marchal, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chemoattractant-stimulated Rac activation in wild-type and Rac2-deficient murine neutrophils: preferential activation of Rac2 and Rac2 gene dosage effect on neutrophil functions."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Immunol (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.5043"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.5043"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12391220"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12391220"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yi Gu, Marie-Dominique Filippi, Jose A Cancelas, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hematopoietic cell regulation by Rac1 and Rac2 guanosine triphosphatases."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Science (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1126/science.1088485"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1088485"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "14564009"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14564009"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Marita J Walmsley, Steen K T Ooi, Lucinda F Reynolds, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Critical roles for Rac1 and Rac2 GTPases in B cell development and signaling."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Science (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1126/science.1089709"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089709"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "14564011"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14564011"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Marie-Dominique Filippi, Chad E Harris, Jarek Meller, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Localization of Rac2 via the C terminus and aspartic acid 150 specifies superoxide generation, actin polarity and chemotaxis in neutrophils."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Immunol (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ni1081"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1081"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15170212"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15170212"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chun Xiang Sun, Gregory P Downey, Fei Zhu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rac1 is the small GTPase responsible for regulating the neutrophil chemotaxis compass."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2004-03-0781"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-03-0781"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15308574"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15308574"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Federica Benvenuti, Stephanie Hugues, Marita Walmsley, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Requirement of Rac1 and Rac2 expression by mature dendritic cells for T cell priming."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Science (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1126/science.1099159"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1099159"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15326354"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15326354"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Akira Yamauchi, Christophe C Marchal, Jason Molitoris, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rac GTPase isoform-specific regulation of NADPH oxidase and chemotaxis in murine neutrophils in vivo. Role of the C-terminal polybasic domain."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M408820200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M408820200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15504745"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15504745"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Akira Yamauchi, Chaekyun Kim, Shijun Li, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rac2-deficient murine macrophages have selective defects in superoxide production and phagocytosis of opsonized particles."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Immunol (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.5971"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.5971"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15528331"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15528331"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Adeline Loo Yee Koh, Chun Xiang Sun, Fei Zhu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The role of Rac1 and Rac2 in bacterial killing."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Immunol (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cellimm.2005.07.005"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2005.07.005"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16157315"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16157315"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Theodosia A Kalfa, Suvarnamala Pushkaran, Narla Mohandas, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rac GTPases regulate the morphology and deformability of the erythrocyte cytoskeleton."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2006-03-005942"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-03-005942"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16882712"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16882712"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chun Xiang Sun, Marco A O Magalhães, Michael Glogauer "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rac1 and Rac2 differentially regulate actin free barbed end formation downstream of the fMLP receptor."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Biol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1083/jcb.200705122"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200705122"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17954607"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17954607"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eloisa Arana, Anne Vehlow, Naomi E Harwood, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Activation of the small GTPase Rac2 via the B cell receptor regulates B cell adhesion and immunological-synapse formation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Immunity (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.immuni.2007.12.003"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2007.12.003"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18191593"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18191593"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Fukun Guo, Jose A Cancelas, David Hildeman, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rac GTPase isoforms Rac1 and Rac2 play a redundant and crucial role in T-cell development."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2008-01-132068"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-01-132068"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18579797"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18579797"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Celine Dumont, Agnieszka Corsoni-Tadrzak, Sandra Ruf, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rac GTPases play critical roles in early T-cell development."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2008-09-181180"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-09-181180"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19088377"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19088377"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ariel Savina, Audrey Peres, Ignacio Cebrian, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The small GTPase Rac2 controls phagosomal alkalinization and antigen crosspresentation selectively in CD8(+) dendritic cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Immunity (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.immuni.2009.01.013"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2009.01.013"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19328020"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19328020"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Marco A O Magalhaes, Michael Glogauer "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pivotal Advance: Phospholipids determine net membrane surface charge resulting in differential localization of active Rac1 and Rac2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Leukoc Biol (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1189/jlb.0609390"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0609390"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19955208"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19955208"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Amitava Sengupta, Jorden Arnett, Susan Dunn, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rac2 GTPase deficiency depletes BCR-ABL+ leukemic stem cells and progenitors in vivo."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2009-10-247437"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-10-247437"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20407032"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20407032"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mustapha Faroudi, Miroslav Hons, Agnieszka Zachacz, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Critical roles for Rac GTPases in T-cell migration to and within lymph nodes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Blood (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1182/blood-2010-08-299438"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-08-299438"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20870900"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20870900"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Takashi Itokowa, Mei-ling Zhu, Nancy Troiano, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Osteoclasts lacking Rac2 have defective chemotaxis and resorptive activity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Calcif Tissue Int (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00223-010-9435-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-010-9435-3"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21110188"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21110188"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Michael Byung H Lim, Jan W P Kuiper, Ashley Katchky, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rac2 is required for the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Leukoc Biol (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1189/jlb.1010549"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.1010549"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21712395"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21712395"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Monica Croke, F Patrick Ross, Matti Korhonen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rac deletion in osteoclasts causes severe osteopetrosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Sci (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1242/jcs.086280"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.086280"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22114304"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22114304"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 25, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shweta Joshi, Alok R Singh, Muamera Zulcic, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rac2 controls tumor growth, metastasis and M1-M2 macrophage differentiation in vivo."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0095893"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095893"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24770346"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24770346"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 26, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Meiling Zhu, Ben-Hua Sun, Katarzyna Saar, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Deletion of Rac in Mature Osteoclasts Causes Osteopetrosis, an Age-Dependent Change in Osteoclast Number, and a Reduced Number of Osteoblasts In Vivo."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Bone Miner Res (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/jbmr.2733"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2733"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26496249"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26496249"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 27, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Marisa A P Baptista, Marton Keszei, Mariana Oliveira, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Deletion of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein triggers Rac2 activity and increased cross-presentation by dendritic cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ncomms12175"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12175"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27425374"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27425374"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 28, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nicolle Ceneri, Lina Zhao, Bryan D Young, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rac2 Modulates Atherosclerotic Calcification by Regulating Macrophage Interleukin-1β Production."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.308507"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.308507"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27834690"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27834690"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 29, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Océane Dufies, Anne Doye, Johan Courjon, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Escherichia coli Rho GTPase-activating toxin CNF1 mediates NLRP3 inflammasome activation via p21-activated kinases-1/2 during bacteraemia in mice."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Microbiol (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41564-020-00832-5"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-00832-5"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33432150"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33432150"}]}]}]}