{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nOxytocin has emerged as a pivotal modulator of social behavior and cognition. It promotes social approach, facilitates the “reading” of others’ mental states, and enhances social reinforcement learning and emotional empathy. In experimental studies oxytocin has been shown to strengthen affiliative bonds, augment trust, and sharpen the salience of social cues while its effects remain sensitive to contextual and individual factors. In addition, oxytocin is implicated in the modulation of social cognitive processes such as facial emotion recognition and theory of mind, and its dysregulation has been associated with social deficits in psychiatric conditions."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "17"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its social cognitive roles, oxytocin is integral to the regulation of human attachment, parenting, and reproductive behaviors. It supports maternal caregiving and bonding, as well as paternal synchrony with offspring, and modulates affective responses associated with early life stress. Variations in oxytocin and its receptor genes further appear to influence maternal behaviors such as vocalization and breastfeeding as well as maternal mood, thereby potentially contributing to disorders like postpartum depression. Collectively, these findings illustrate that oxytocin serves as a key neuropeptide underlying affiliative behaviors and the establishment of enduring social bonds."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "18", "end_ref": "26"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nOxytocin also plays a significant role in the regulation of energy metabolism and food intake. Research in both animals and humans indicates that oxytocin acts as an anorexigenic signal by reducing reward-related ingestion and modulating nonhomeostatic feeding. Furthermore, alterations in oxytocin release and receptor regulation have been linked to obesity, impaired satiety signaling, and related metabolic disturbances, positioning oxytocin as a promising target for the treatment of metabolic disorders."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "27", "end_ref": "31"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to central nervous system functions, oxytocin exerts multiple peripheral effects. It is synthesized in cardiovascular tissues where it contributes to the regulation of vascular tone, attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation, and may impact atherogenesis. Oxytocin receptors are also broadly distributed in the gastrointestinal tract, where the peptide influences gut motility and local neural activity, and in various other peripheral cells where oxytocin can modulate cell proliferation, migration, and even neoplastic growth."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "32", "end_ref": "36"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRecent evidence also underscores oxytocin’s potential to modulate pain perception and stress responses. Through mechanisms that may involve both classical receptor-mediated actions and the generation of bioactive oxytocin fragments that engage alternative signaling pathways, oxytocin has been found to produce antinociceptive, anxiolytic, and restorative effects, suggesting broader applications for oxytocin‐based therapies in stress- and pain-related disorders."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "37"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gregor Domes, Markus Heinrichs, Andre Michel, et al. 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