{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThe oxytocin receptor (OXTR) is a multifunctional seven‐transmembrane G protein–coupled receptor that mediates the wide‐ranging actions of oxytocin in both the brain and periphery. Its capability to couple to different G proteins (such as Gαi and Gαq) enables the activation of diverse downstream pathways—including MAPK, PKC, PLC, and CaMK—that govern cellular processes like neurite outgrowth, viability, and proliferation. In addition, receptor localization (for example, inside versus outside of caveolar microdomains) and ligand‐dependent biased agonism can dictate whether oxytocin’s effects promote proliferation or inhibition, and modulate tissue contractility (for instance, in myometrial cells during parturition)."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nGenetic studies have robustly implicated OXTR variation in shaping socio‐emotional phenotypes. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (such as rs53576 and rs2254298) and related haplotypes have been associated with differences in empathy, stress reactivity, attachment, parental sensitivity, and prosocial behavior, as well as with risk for neuropsychiatric conditions such as autism spectrum disorders and depression. Neuroimaging and behavioral investigations have linked these polymorphisms to structural and functional alterations in key regions including the amygdala, hypothalamus, and reward circuits. Meta‐analytic evidence further supports the contribution of these common genetic variants to both general sociality and the regulation of affiliative or bonding behaviors."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "27"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to genetic variation, epigenetic modulation of OXTR (including DNA methylation changes in response to stress, early maternal care, or childhood adversity) further refines oxytocinergic signaling and may serve as a biomarker for altered social cognition and behavioral risk. These environmentally induced modifications underscore the plasticity of the oxytocin system and its role in mediating the interplay between early life experience and lifelong socio‐emotional outcomes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "28"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Valeria Rimoldi, Alessandra Reversi, Elena Taverna, et al. 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