{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThe multifaceted PAF1 complex (PAF1C) is emerging as a central regulator of RNA polymerase II transcription by coordinating transcription elongation with chromatin modifications. PAF1 facilitates cotranscriptional histone H2B monoubiquitination, which in turn governs histone H3 methylation on lysines 4, 36, and 79, thereby activating key developmental and homeostatic genes. Moreover, PAF1C interacts with elongation factors, such as SII/TFIIS and CDK12, to overcome promoter-proximal pausing and to promote processive transcription elongation. Structural studies further reveal that specific heterodimeric subcomplexes, including the Paf1/Leo1 and Ctr9/Paf1 modules, serve as scaffolds for proper assembly of PAF1C and allow interactions with other chromatin modifiers, reinforcing its essential role in transcription-coupled histone modifications and gene regulation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its classical role in transcriptional elongation, PAF1C has been implicated in the regulation of oncogenic programs and maintenance of cancer stem cell properties. Aberrant overexpression or dysregulation of PAF1 or its subunit PD2/hPaf1 contributes to the oncogenic transcription of key regulators such as MYC, HOX genes, and estrogen-responsive genes, while also playing a role in the aberrant activation of fusion oncoproteins in leukemogenesis. In various cancers—including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, ovarian cancer, and non‐small cell lung cancer—PAF1 supports tumor initiation, metastasis, and survival by modulating transcription from enhancers, controlling cell-cycle progression, and interacting with critical factors like MLL, OCT3/4, and even viral proteins that hijack the transcription machinery."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "10", "end_ref": "26"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAdditional layers of regulation involving posttranslational modifications and protein degradation further fine‐tune PAF1C function. Modifications such as SUMOylation can enhance its activity in response to genotoxic stress, while its stability is controlled by the ubiquitin–proteasome system and modulated via interactions with factors like CNOT4. Moreover, PAF1C has been implicated in transcription recovery following DNA damage and in transcriptional recycling, as well as in restraining the accumulation of aberrant noncoding transcripts that jeopardize genomic stability under oncogenic KRAS signaling. These insights underscore PAF1C’s critical integration into complex regulatory networks governing not only normal transcriptional output and cell fate decisions but also pathological states such as cancer, viral infection, and neurodegeneration."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "27", "end_ref": "38"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Bing Zhu, Yong Zheng, Anh-Dung Pham, et al. 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