PARP9 Gene

HGNC Family	Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP)
Name	poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 9
Description	Enables several functions, including ADP-D-ribose binding activity; NAD+-protein ADP-ribosyltransferase activity; and STAT family protein binding activity. Involved in several processes, including DNA damage checkpoint signaling; regulation of defense response; and regulation of macromolecule metabolic process. Located in several cellular components, including mitochondrion; nucleoplasm; and site of DNA damage. Part of protein-containing complex. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPARP9 is emerging as a multifunctional regulator of innate immune responses. In activated macrophages, PARP9 influences interferon‐mediated signaling events by modulating the phosphorylation of key transcription factors such as STAT1 and controlling the ADP‐ribosylation of proteins in response to IFN stimulation. In viral and bacterial challenges, PARP9—as part of complexes with proteins like DTX3L—contributes to the generation and fine‐tuning of type I interferon responses. For example, PARP9 plays a dual role in that its activity is required for IFN‐induced ADP‐ribosylation in cells exposed to SARS‑CoV‑2 proteins or Porphyromonas gingivalis, yet it also limits excessive type I IFN production during tuberculosis to prevent immunopathology."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn oncologic contexts, PARP9 (also known as BAL1 or ARTD9) functions as an oncogenic survival factor in malignancies such as diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma and prostate cancer. Its expression is strongly inducible by inflammatory cytokines like IFN‑γ, and in lymphoma cells, PARP9 supports a transcriptional program that shifts STAT1 activity toward a chemo‐resistant, pro‐survival phenotype. Moreover, high levels of PARP9 have been associated with aggressive tumor behavior and have been proposed as prognostic markers in glioma, thereby linking its immunomodulatory functions with malignant progression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "7", "end_ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its roles in immunity and cancer, PARP9 participates in the regulation of ubiquitin-dependent processes and the cellular response to DNA damage. Through heterodimerization with the E3 ubiquitin ligase DTX3L, PARP9 mediates NAD⁺-dependent mono-ADP-ribosylation of ubiquitin on its carboxyl terminus, a modification that blocks further ubiquitin conjugation and thereby restrains ligase activity. This function, together with its involvement in androgen receptor signaling—where its tandem macrodomains recognize ADP-ribosyl-cysteine modifications—places PARP9 at a strategic intersection between post-translational modification networks that control both genomic integrity and transcriptional regulation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "11", "end_ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hiroshi Iwata, Claudia Goettsch, Amitabh Sharma, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PARP9 and PARP14 cross-regulate macrophage activation via STAT1 ADP-ribosylation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ncomms12849"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12849"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27796300"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27796300"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hideyuki Higashi, Takashi Maejima, Lang Ho Lee, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A Study into the ADP-Ribosylome of IFN-γ-Stimulated THP-1 Human Macrophage-like Cells Identifies ARTD8/PARP14 and ARTD9/PARP9 ADP-Ribosylation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Proteome Res (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00895"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00895"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30848916"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30848916"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Junji Xing, Ao Zhang, Yong Du, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 9 (PARP9) as a noncanonical sensor for RNA virus in dendritic cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41467-021-23003-4"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23003-4"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33976210"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33976210"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lilian Cristina Russo, Rebeka Tomasin, Isaac Araújo Matos, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3 macrodomain reverses PARP9/DTX3L-dependent ADP-ribosylation induced by interferon signaling."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101041"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101041"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34358560"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34358560"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu, Mushtaq Ahmed, Bruce A Rosa, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 9 mediates early protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by regulating type I IFN production."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Clin Invest (2023)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1172/JCI158630"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI158630"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "37200107"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37200107"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "K Pandi, S Angabo, H Makkawi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "i"}], "href": "i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "P. gingivalis"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/i"}], "href": "/i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "-Induced TLR2 Interactome Analysis Reveals Association with PARP9."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Dent Res (2024)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1177/00220345231222181"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345231222181"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "38344758"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38344758"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Przemyslaw Juszczynski, Jeffery L Kutok, Cheng Li, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "BAL1 and BBAP are regulated by a gamma interferon-responsive bidirectional promoter and are overexpressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with a prominent inflammatory infiltrate."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.02351-05"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.02351-05"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16809771"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16809771"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rosalba Camicia, Samia B Bachmann, Hans C Winkler, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "BAL1/ARTD9 represses the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic IFNγ-STAT1-IRF1-p53 axis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Sci (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1242/jcs.118174"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.118174"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23487038"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23487038"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Samia B Bachmann, Sandra C Frommel, Rosalba Camicia, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "DTX3L and ARTD9 inhibit IRF1 expression and mediate in cooperation with ARTD8 survival and proliferation of metastatic prostate cancer cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cancer (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/1476-4598-13-125"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-4598-13-125"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24886089"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24886089"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hao Xu, Songshan Chai, Yihao Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Molecular and clinical characterization of PARP9 in gliomas: A potential immunotherapeutic target."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "CNS Neurosci Ther (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/cns.13380"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13380"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32678519"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32678519"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Qingsheng Yan, Rong Xu, Liya Zhu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "BAL1 and its partner E3 ligase, BBAP, link Poly(ADP-ribose) activation, ubiquitylation, and double-strand DNA repair independent of ATM, MDC1, and RNF8."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.00990-12"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00990-12"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23230272"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23230272"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chun-Song Yang, Kasey Jividen, Adam Spencer, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ubiquitin Modification by the E3 Ligase/ADP-Ribosyltransferase Dtx3L/Parp9."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.molcel.2017.04.028"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2017.04.028"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28525742"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28525742"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chun-Song Yang, Kasey Jividen, Teddy Kamata, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Androgen signaling uses a writer and a reader of ADP-ribosylation to regulate protein complex assembly."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41467-021-23055-6"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23055-6"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33976187"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33976187"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	ARTD9, BAL1, MGC:7868
Proteins	PARP9_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	83666
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

PARP9 has 7,095 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, functional term, phrase or reference, chemical, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 107 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for PARP9 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

PARP9 Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of PARP9 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of PARP9 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of PARP9 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of PARP9 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of PARP9 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of PARP9 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of PARP9 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of PARP9 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of PARP9 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of PARP9 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with PARP9 gene mutations from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with PARP9 protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with PARP9 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of PARP9 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of PARP9 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of PARP9 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas	gene perturbations changing expression of PARP9 gene from the CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas dataset.
	CM4AI U2OS Cell Map Protein Localization Assemblies	assemblies containing PARP9 protein from integrated AP-MS and IF data from the CM4AI U2OS Cell Map Protein Localization Assemblies dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing PARP9 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing PARP9 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with PARP9 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with PARP9 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of PARP9 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with PARP9 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with PARP9 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with PARP9 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action	small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of PARP9 protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by PARP9 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with PARP9 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with PARP9 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with PARP9 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with PARP9 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at PARP9 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of PARP9 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of PARP9 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing PARP9 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations	biological terms co-occuring with PARP9 gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.
	GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing PARP9 from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset.
	GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases	disease perturbations changing expression of PARP9 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset.
	GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations	gene perturbations changing expression of PARP9 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.