PGD Gene

Name	phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
Description	6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase is the second dehydrogenase in the pentose phosphate shunt. Deficiency of this enzyme is generally asymptomatic, and the inheritance of this disorder is autosomal dominant. Hemolysis results from combined deficiency of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconolactonase suggesting a synergism of the two enzymopathies. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2015]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRecent genomic studies have implicated phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD)—often referred to as 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD)—in cancer predisposition and cellular homeostasis. In a genome‐wide association study of hepatitis B virus–related hepatocellular carcinoma, a susceptibility locus at 1p36.22 enriched for candidate genes including PGD suggested that PGD‐related pathways might contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In parallel, analysis of microRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex of individuals with psychiatric disorders revealed that PGD mRNA levels inversely correlated with specific miRNAs, indicating that PGD might also play a role in neuronal metabolic regulation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPGD catalyzes a key step in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) by converting 6‐phosphogluconate into ribulose 5‐phosphate (Ru5P) while concomitantly generating NADPH, a vital reductant for lipid biosynthesis, nucleotide formation, and redox balance. In various tumor models, PGD activation has been shown to foster lipogenesis, RNA biosynthesis, and cell proliferation. Mechanistically, PGD activity can suppress AMPK activation—either through Ru5P‐dependent disruption of the LKB1 complex or via interactions with acetylation‐regulated modulators—thereby enhancing oncogenic lipid metabolism and even facilitating c‐Met signaling, which is critical for tumor cell migration. These findings have been documented in studies on lung, thyroid, and other cancers, where PGD upregulation was also linked to chemoresistance and metabolic reprogramming."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "3", "end_ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nEmerging evidence further details PGD’s role as a metabolic hub: in lung adenocarcinoma, for example, PGD was found to interact with IQGAP1 to competitively inhibit AMPK phosphorylation, thereby promoting glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis. Moreover, the transcriptional activation of PGD by TAp73 underscores its importance in maintaining redox balance and anabolic metabolism to support cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis. Complementary genomic analyses in other studies—though focused on neuronal gene regulation and cervical cancer copy number alterations—provide additional context to the complex regulatory networks in which PGD function is embedded."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "12", "end_ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hongxing Zhang, Yun Zhai, Zhibin Hu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genome-wide association study identifies 1p36.22 as a new susceptibility locus for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Genet (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ng.638"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.638"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20676096"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20676096"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Albert H Kim, Mark Reimers, Brion Maher, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "MicroRNA expression profiling in the prefrontal cortex of individuals affected with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Schizophr Res (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.schres.2010.07.002"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.07.002"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20675101"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20675101"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ruiting Lin, Shannon Elf, Changliang Shan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Cell Biol (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ncb3255"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb3255"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26479318"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26479318"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Changliang Shan, Shannon Elf, Quanjiang Ji, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lysine acetylation activates 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase to promote tumor growth."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.molcel.2014.06.020"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2014.06.020"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25042803"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25042803"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Vikas P Sukhatme, Barden Chan "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Glycolytic cancer cells lacking 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase metabolize glucose to induce senescence."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FEBS Lett (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.febslet.2012.05.052"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2012.05.052"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22677172"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22677172"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Barden Chan, Paul A VanderLaan, Vikas P Sukhatme "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase regulates tumor cell migration in vitro by regulating receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.048"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.048"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23973484"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23973484"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kangjing Xu, Zhongyuan He, Ming Chen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "HIF-1α regulates cellular metabolism, and Imatinib resistance by targeting phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in gastrointestinal stromal tumors."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Death Dis (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41419-020-02768-4"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-02768-4"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32719331"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32719331"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ling Ma, Qiao Cheng "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Inhibiting 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase reverses doxorubicin resistance in anaplastic thyroid cancer via inhibiting NADPH-dependent metabolic reprogramming."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.079"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.079"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29534964"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29534964"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "H Guo, Z Xiang, Y Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Inhibiting 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase enhances chemotherapy efficacy in cervical cancer via AMPK-independent inhibition of RhoA and Rac1."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Transl Oncol (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s12094-018-1937-x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-018-1937-x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30182212"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30182212"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Athan Baillet, Rang Xu, Alexei Grichine, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Coupling of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase with NADPH oxidase in neutrophils: Nox2 activity regulation by NADPH availability."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FASEB J (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1096/fj.10-173807"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.10-173807"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21444627"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21444627"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jun Cao, Xiaosong Sun, Xuejun Zhang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "6PGD Upregulation is Associated with Chemo- and Immuno-Resistance of Renal Cell Carcinoma via AMPK Signaling-Dependent NADPH-Mediated Metabolic Reprograming."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Med Sci (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.amjms.2020.06.014"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2020.06.014"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32829780"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32829780"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hui Li Li, Zhi Li, Lu Ye Qin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The novel neurotrophin-regulated neuronal development-associated protein, NDAP, mediates apoptosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FEBS Lett (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.febslet.2006.02.022"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2006.02.022"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16516892"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16516892"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Maria Lee, Eun Sook Nam, Seung-Hyun Jung, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "1p36.22 region containing PGD gene is frequently gained in human cervical cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Obstet Gynaecol Res (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/jog.12193"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.12193"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24125036"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24125036"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jun Wu, Yong Chen, Hui Zou, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase promotes glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis by inhibiting the AMPK pathway in lung adenocarcinoma cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Lett (2024)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217177"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217177"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "39179096"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39179096"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rui Qiao, Mengmeng Wei, Hui Chen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Critical Role of 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase in TAp73-Mediated Cancer Cell Proliferation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cancer Res (2023)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-22-0814"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-22-0814"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "37071129"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37071129"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	6PGD
Proteins	6PGD_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	5226
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

PGD has 8,294 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 112 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for PGD from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

PGD Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles	cell lines with fitness changed by PGD gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of PGD gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of PGD gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of PGD gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of PGD gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of PGD gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of PGD gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of PGD gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of PGD gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of PGD gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of PGD gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with PGD protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with PGD gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of PGD gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of PGD gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of PGD gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of PGD gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing PGD protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with PGD protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of PGD gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with PGD gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with PGD gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with PGD gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action	small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of PGD protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases associated with PGD gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with PGD gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with PGD gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with PGD gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with PGD gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	DrugBank Drug Targets	interacting drugs for PGD protein from the curated DrugBank Drug Targets dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at PGD gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of PGD gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of PGD gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing PGD from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GAD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with PGD gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with PGD gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of PGD gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations	biological terms co-occuring with PGD gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.
	GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing PGD from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset.
	GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases	disease perturbations changing expression of PGD gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset.