{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPIAS1 is a multifunctional regulator that functions primarily as a SUMO E3 ligase, orchestrating the post‐translational modification of a wide spectrum of transcription factors and nuclear receptors. By catalyzing the attachment of SUMO to target proteins, PIAS1 modulates transcriptional programs through distinct mechanisms. For example, PIAS1 enhances the sumoylation of the androgen receptor (AR) and mineralocorticoid receptor to alter their transactivation properties, while its modification of factors such as STAT1, p53 and its related proteins (p73), GATA4, Msx1 and even FOXL2, SATB1 and SF‐1 tailor their stability, subnuclear localization and DNA‐binding specificity. Moreover, PIAS1‐mediated SUMOylation of key oncogenic drivers such as c‐Myc and the timely targeting of proteins like TRF2 – as well as its direct DNA‐binding via its SAP domain – further reveal its role in balancing transcriptional activation and repression in varying contexts."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "19"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its central role in transcriptional control, PIAS1 participates in maintaining genome integrity and regulating signal‐assembling complexes. Its interaction with DNA repair factors – for instance by binding to and sumoylating SNM1, or by promoting the SUMOylation of translesion polymerase η – facilitates the appropriate response to DNA interstrand cross‐links and replication stress. PIAS1 also forms non‐covalent ternary complexes together with the conjugating enzyme UBC9 and SUMO, and it targets key mediators of innate immunity such as IRF3. Regulatory mechanisms that control PIAS1 itself have been described too; binding of proteins such as necdin may direct PIAS1 for ubiquitin–proteasome–mediated degradation, thereby influencing its overall cellular abundance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "20", "end_ref": "24"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPIAS1 further influences cell fate decisions and disease progression. Its dysregulation has been linked to alterations in cell cycle progression, apoptotic responses and invasive behavior in various pathological settings. In several cancer models – including prostate, gastric and colon cancers as well as breast tumors – aberrant PIAS1 expression correlates with changes in oncogenic signaling (for example, by modulating Smad complexes or stabilizing the AR), ultimately affecting proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis. In vascular and inflammatory settings, PIAS1 acts as a transcriptional coregulator and transrepressor, fine‐tuning responses to cytokines and stress signals. Collectively, these findings position PIAS1 as both a pivotal modifier of SUMO-dependent signaling and a potential therapeutic target in diseases ranging from cancer to neurodegeneration."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "25", "end_ref": "36"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tamar Megidish, Juliana H Xu, C Wilson Xu "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Activation of p53 by protein inhibitor of activated Stat1 (PIAS1)."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.C200001200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C200001200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11788578"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11788578"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jiann-An Tan, Susan H Hall, Katherine G Hamil, et al. 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