{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nDNA polymerase theta (POLQ) is a uniquely structured, low‐fidelity A‐family polymerase whose atypical features—including an N‐terminal helicase‐like domain, a long disordered spacer, and a C‐terminal polymerase domain bearing multiple insertion loops—enable it to bypass a spectrum of DNA lesions. Biochemical studies have demonstrated that POLQ efficiently synthesizes DNA past challenging lesions such as abasic sites and thymine glycol, often performing both nucleotide insertion and extension with limited proofreading activity. Moreover, a specialized template‐independent activity and intrinsic deoxyribose phosphate lyase function contribute to its ability to participate in both translesion synthesis and aspects of base excision repair. These multifunctional properties highlight POLQ’s capacity to generate error‐prone repair products while occasionally mediating error‐free synthesis in cellular contexts."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its lesion‐bypass activities, POLQ plays a central role in repairing DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) through an alternative end‐joining pathway known as microhomology‐mediated end joining (MMEJ). In cells with intact homologous recombination (HR), POLQ appears to suppress HR by binding RAD51 and blocking recombination, whereas in HR‐deficient settings its MMEJ activity becomes indispensable for cell survival. The error‐prone nature of POLQ‐mediated repair also contributes to random DNA integration events and chromosomal rearrangements, a factor that may underlie genomic instability in various contexts."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "12", "end_ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nClinically, POLQ is frequently overexpressed in a range of malignancies—including breast, ovarian, lung, prostate, and even rare sarcomas—with elevated expression correlating with poorer clinical outcomes and resistance to DNA‐damaging agents. Its synthetic lethal relationship with defects in homologous recombination has positioned POLQ as an attractive therapeutic target, particularly in tumors harboring BRCA mutations. Emerging evidence from genetic and functional studies underscores its potential as a prognostic biomarker and a candidate for intervention strategies that combine POLQ inhibition with agents such as PARP inhibitors."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "19", "end_ref": "24"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its canonical nuclear functions, recent studies have revealed additional dimensions to POLQ activity. 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