{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPPARG, a ligand‐activated nuclear receptor, plays a pivotal role in metabolic regulation. Genetic studies have implicated variants near PPARG in type 2 diabetes susceptibility, while functional investigations have shown that PPARG governs adipocyte differentiation, insulin sensitivity, and lipid homeostasis. Aberrant post‐translational modification of PPARG, such as Cdk5‐mediated phosphorylation in obesity, dysregulates adipokine expression (e.g., adiponectin) and contributes to insulin resistance. Moreover, PPARG activation through endogenous or pharmacologic ligands promotes adipogenesis, while microRNAs (miR‑130 and miR‑27a) that target its mRNA attenuate adipocyte differentiation and facilitate systemic insulin resistance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nStructural and mechanistic studies have further illuminated PPARG’s function. High‐resolution analyses of the intact PPARG/RXRα heterodimer bound to DNA reveal how the ligand-binding domain cooperates with other receptor modules to enhance target gene activation. In addition, the identification of potent antagonists such as T0070907 has delineated key interactions within PPARG’s ligand-binding pocket, which is crucial for the recruitment of coactivators versus corepressors. Intriguingly, PPARG can act as an E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting proinflammatory mediators (e.g., NF‑κB p65), thereby linking its transcriptional activity to the resolution of inflammation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "10", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn immune regulation, PPARG exerts notable anti‐inflammatory functions. Activation of PPARG skews human monocytes toward an anti‐inflammatory M2 macrophage phenotype and has been associated with protective effects in inflammatory bowel disease. In antigen‐presenting cells, interleukin‑4–induced STAT6 cooperates with PPARG to enhance DNA binding and target gene expression, underscoring its role in dampening proinflammatory responses. Furthermore, PPARG represses transcription of BACE1, thereby potentially reducing amyloid‑β production in Alzheimer’s disease, while its interplay with BMP signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells contributes to protection against pulmonary arterial hypertension. Constitutive activation of PPARG in endothelial cells has also been shown to suppress inflammatory adhesion molecule expression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "13", "end_ref": "20"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPPARG also contributes to oncogenesis and tissue remodeling. In thyroid neoplasms, chromosomal rearrangements that fuse PAX8 with PPARG underscore its role in tumorigenesis, while rare loss-of-function mutations in PPARG are implicated in familial partial lipodystrophy. In cardiovascular tissues, PPARG response elements have been identified in genes associated with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, and reduced PPARG expression is linked to vascular lesion development in pulmonary hypertension. Furthermore, PPARG-mediated transcriptional regulation underlies cross-talk in pulmonary endothelial cells, where it modulates apelin expression and vascular function."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "21", "end_ref": "25"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAdditional cross-regulatory mechanisms further expand PPARG’s biological repertoire. Nuclear receptors such as PXR can modulate lipid accumulation through cross-talk with PPARG, while dietary short-chain fatty acids act as selective modulators of PPARG activity in the colon to induce ANGPTL4 expression. PPARG activation also induces Rev-Erbα, which in turn fosters adipocyte differentiation, thereby reinforcing the molecular network governing energy balance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "26", "end_ref": "28"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nFinally, in models of liver fibrosis, restoration of PPARG expression in activated hepatic stellate cells reverts them to a quiescent phenotype, highlighting its therapeutic potential for fibrotic disorders."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "29"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Laura J Scott, Karen L Mohlke, Lori L Bonnycastle, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes in Finns detects multiple susceptibility variants."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Science (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1126/science.1142382"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1142382"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17463248"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17463248"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jang Hyun Choi, Alexander S Banks, Jennifer L Estall, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Anti-diabetic drugs inhibit obesity-linked phosphorylation of PPARgamma by Cdk5."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nature09291"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09291"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20651683"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20651683"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ichiro Takada, Alexander P Kouzmenko, Shigeaki Kato "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Wnt and PPARgamma signaling in osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Rev Rheumatol (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nrrheum.2009.137"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2009.137"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19581903"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19581903"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gema Medina-Gomez, Sarah L Gray, Laxman Yetukuri, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PPAR gamma 2 prevents lipotoxicity by controlling adipose tissue expandability and peripheral lipid metabolism."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS Genet (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pgen.0030064"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.0030064"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17465682"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17465682"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rasmus Siersbaek, Ronni Nielsen, Susanne Mandrup "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PPARgamma in adipocyte differentiation and metabolism--novel insights from genome-wide studies."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FEBS Lett (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.febslet.2010.06.010"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2010.06.010"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20542036"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20542036"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eun Kyung Lee, Mi Jeong Lee, Kotb Abdelmohsen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "miR-130 suppresses adipogenesis by inhibiting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.00894-10"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00894-10"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21135128"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21135128"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shamina M Rangwala, Mitchell A Lazar "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in diabetes and metabolism."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Trends Pharmacol Sci (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.tips.2004.03.012"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2004.03.012"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15165749"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15165749"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Valentina Paracchini, Paola Pedotti, Emanuela Taioli "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genetics of leptin and obesity: a HuGE review."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Epidemiol (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/aje/kwi174"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi174"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15972940"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15972940"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yang Yu, Hongwei Du, Shengnan Wei, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Adipocyte-Derived Exosomal MiR-27a Induces Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle Through Repression of PPARγ."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Theranostics (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.7150/thno.22565"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.22565"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29721071"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29721071"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Vikas Chandra, Pengxiang Huang, Yoshitomo Hamuro, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Structure of the intact PPAR-gamma-RXR- nuclear receptor complex on DNA."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nature07413"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07413"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19043829"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19043829"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gary Lee, Fabienne Elwood, John McNally, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "T0070907, a selective ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, functions as an antagonist of biochemical and cellular activities."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M200743200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M200743200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11877444"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11877444"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yongzhong Hou, France Moreau, Kris Chadee "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PPARγ is an E3 ligase that induces the degradation of NFκB/p65."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ncomms2270"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2270"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23250430"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23250430"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "M Amine Bouhlel, Bruno Derudas, Elena Rigamonti, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PPARgamma activation primes human monocytes into alternative M2 macrophages with anti-inflammatory properties."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Metab (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.cmet.2007.06.010"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2007.06.010"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17681149"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17681149"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Laurent Dubuquoy, Emmelie A Jansson, Samir Deeb, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Impaired expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in ulcerative colitis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gastroenterology (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/s0016-5085(03)00271-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(03"}, {"type": "t", "text": "00271-3) PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12730867"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12730867"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Attila Szanto, Balint L Balint, Zsuzsanna S Nagy, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "STAT6 transcription factor is a facilitator of the nuclear receptor PPARγ-regulated gene expression in macrophages and dendritic cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Immunity (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.immuni.2010.11.009"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2010.11.009"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21093321"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21093321"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Magdalena Sastre, Ilse Dewachter, Steffen Rossner, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs repress beta-secretase gene promoter activity by the activation of PPARgamma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0503839103"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503839103"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16407166"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16407166"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Georg Hansmann, Vinicio A de Jesus Perez, Tero-Pekka Alastalo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "An antiproliferative BMP-2/PPARgamma/apoE axis in human and murine SMCs and its role in pulmonary hypertension."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Clin Invest (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1172/JCI32503"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI32503"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18382765"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18382765"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ana Rita Marques, Carla Espadinha, Ana L Catarino, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Expression of PAX8-PPAR gamma 1 rearrangements in both follicular thyroid carcinomas and adenomas."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1210/jcem.87.8.8756"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.8.8756"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12161538"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12161538"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Luisa Klotz, Sven Burgdorf, Indra Dani, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The nuclear receptor PPAR gamma selectively inhibits Th17 differentiation in a T cell-intrinsic fashion and suppresses CNS autoimmunity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Exp Med (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1084/jem.20082771"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20082771"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19737866"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19737866"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Toby Lawrence, Gioacchino Natoli "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transcriptional regulation of macrophage polarization: enabling diversity with identity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Rev Immunol (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nri3088"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3088"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22025054"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22025054"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Marina N Nikiforova, Roy A Lynch, Paul W Biddinger, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RAS point mutations and PAX8-PPAR gamma rearrangement in thyroid tumors: evidence for distinct molecular pathways in thyroid follicular carcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1210/jc.2002-021907"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021907"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12727991"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12727991"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Robert A Hegele, Henian Cao, Christy Frankowski, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PPARG F388L, a transactivation-deficient mutant, in familial partial lipodystrophy."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Diabetes (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.2337/diabetes.51.12.3586"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.12.3586"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12453919"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12453919"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nancy D Merner, Kathy A Hodgkinson, Annika F M Haywood, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy type 5 is a fully penetrant, lethal arrhythmic disorder caused by a missense mutation in the TMEM43 gene."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Hum Genet (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.010"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.010"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18313022"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18313022"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shingo Ameshima, Heiko Golpon, Carlyne D Cool, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) expression is decreased in pulmonary hypertension and affects endothelial cell growth."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Circ Res (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1161/01.RES.0000073585.50092.14"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.0000073585.50092.14"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12714563"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12714563"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 25, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tero-Pekka Alastalo, Molong Li, Vinicio de Jesus Perez, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Disruption of PPARγ/β-catenin-mediated regulation of apelin impairs BMP-induced mouse and human pulmonary arterial EC survival."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Clin Invest (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1172/JCI43382"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI43382"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21821917"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21821917"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 26, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jie Zhou, Yonggong Zhai, Ying Mu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A novel pregnane X receptor-mediated and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-independent lipogenic pathway."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M511116200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M511116200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16556603"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16556603"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 27, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sheril Alex, Katja Lange, Tom Amolo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Short-chain fatty acids stimulate angiopoietin-like 4 synthesis in human colon adenocarcinoma cells by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.00858-12"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00858-12"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23339868"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23339868"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 28, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Coralie Fontaine, Guillaume Dubois, Yannick Duguay, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The orphan nuclear receptor Rev-Erbalpha is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma target gene and promotes PPARgamma-induced adipocyte differentiation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M304664200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M304664200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12821652"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12821652"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 29, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Saswati Hazra, Shigang Xiong, Jiaohong Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma induces a phenotypic switch from activated to quiescent hepatic stellate cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M310284200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M310284200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "14702344"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14702344"}]}]}]}