{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAlthough none of the provided abstracts describe any role for PRAMEF11, the collection focuses extensively on the functions of the RFX3 transcription factor in mammalian development. In several studies, RFX3 is shown to be indispensable for proper ciliogenesis—ensuring that specialized monocilia, such as those present in the embryonic node for left–right (LR) axis determination, achieve their full length and functionality. For example, RFX3‐deficient mice exhibit stunted nodal cilia, resulting in laterality defects and high embryonic lethality."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn the central nervous system, RFX3 contributes to the differentiation and function of ciliated cells. Its loss leads not only to hydrocephalus due to impaired differentiation of ependymal cells, but also to structural malformations such as agenesis of the corpus callosum, where mispatterned guidepost neurons disrupt proper axon pathfinding."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRFX3 also plays a critical role in other organ systems. In the pancreas, RFX3 is expressed from early endocrine progenitors to mature islet cells, and its deficiency results in ciliary abnormalities that correlate with altered islet cellular composition, reduced insulin production, and ultimately impaired glucose tolerance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, in cultured primary brain cells, RFX3 is necessary for the biogenesis and motile function of cilia and regulates the expression of key actors such as FOXJ1 and axonemal dyneins."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAdditional layers of regulation for RFX3 have been uncovered. Chromatin remodeling via histone H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1) has been shown to control tissue‐specific expression of cilia genes by acting at the Rfx3 locus; disruption of this process leads to defects in cilia motility and aberrant cardiac laterality, linking chromatin regulation with ciliary function."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Compounding these molecular interactions, a microRNA—miR‑342‑3p—has been found to directly bind the 3′‑UTR of Rfx3, downregulating its expression and, when perturbed, contributing to insulin resistance and abnormal liver gluconeogenesis in gestational diabetes mellitus models."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nOther studies broaden the context by showing that RFX transcription factors, including RFX3, act redundantly as well as in a gene‐specific manner to orchestrate the transcriptional programs required for proper cilia assembly in a variety of cell types, including ependymal and multiciliated epithelial cells."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Separately, detailed investigation of RFX family members in spermatogenesis has confirmed a predominant role for RFX2 and a limited prevalence of full‐length RFX4 protein, reinforcing the concept that RFX3 (and its related family members) is a pivotal regulator in multiple developmental contexts."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIt is important to note that one abstract examined endoplasmic reticulum stress in retinal vascular degeneration without providing insights into RFX3 or ciliary functions."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Likewise, studies on the formation of corticothalamic/thalamocortical tracts in Rfx3 mutants further emphasize the role of primary cilia in establishing the proper cellular environment necessary for neural connectivity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn summary, while there is no information on PRAMEF11 in these abstracts, they collectively delineate RFX3 as a master transcriptional regulator essential for ciliogenesis and cilia-based signaling in various tissues—including the node, brain, and pancreas—with wide-ranging implications for developmental patterning, neural connectivity, and metabolic regulation.\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "E Bonnafe, M Touka, A AitLounis, et al. 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