{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPRDM14 plays a pivotal role in embryonic stem cell identity and early germ cell development. In human embryonic stem cells, it sustains self‐renewal and pluripotency by directly regulating key genes, such as POU5F1, and by suppressing differentiation markers through epigenetic mechanisms that involve recruiting repressive complexes like PRC2. In the context of primordial germ cell formation, PRDM14 levels are tightly modulated – with minimal expression observed during early commitment – and precise expression is required for proper germline specification. Moreover, aberrant PRDM14 expression in primordial germ cell–derived tumors underscores its regulatory function during early human development."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn various cancers, PRDM14 is frequently misexpressed and confers stem cell–like properties that drive tumor progression, chemoresistance, and metastasis. In breast cancer, for example, overexpression of PRDM14 is associated with enhanced cell growth, resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, and increased tumor-initiating potential. Similar oncogenic roles have been observed in pancreatic, non–small cell lung, colorectal, and even certain head and neck cancers, where PRDM14 promotes glycolysis, deregulates cell cycle checkpoints, and may modulate the expression of critical pro- or anti-apoptotic genes. In some viral-induced cancers, however, promoter methylation silences PRDM14, thereby impairing its regulation of apoptosis mediators such as NOXA and PUMA. Interactions with chaperones and other transcriptional regulators further modulate its impact on oncogenic signaling pathways, including those that can substitute for YAP1 dependency."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "7", "end_ref": "20"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nCollectively, these studies position PRDM14 as a master regulator that orchestrates both developmental and oncogenic programs. By modulating transcriptional networks and altering epigenetic marks, PRDM14 not only preserves stem cell-like states in normal development but also endows cancer cells with properties that favor tumor initiation, survival, and metastasis. Such dual functionality makes PRDM14 an attractive target for novel therapeutic approaches aiming to eliminate cancer stem cells and overcome drug resistance."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "19"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Na-Yu Chia, Yun-Shen Chan, Bo Feng, et al. 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