PRM1 Gene

Name protamine 1
Description Predicted to enable DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in chromosome organization and spermatogenesis. Predicted to act upstream of or within nucleus organization and spermatid development. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]
Summary
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nProtamine 1 (PRM1) is a principal sperm nuclear protein that plays an essential role in chromatin condensation and the tight packaging of sperm DNA during spermiogenesis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that proper PRM1 expression and its balanced ratio with protamine 2 (P2) are critical for preserving sperm DNA integrity, normal morphology, and overall fertilizing potential. Aberrant PRM1/P2 ratios have been correlated with reduced sperm concentration, increased DNA fragmentation, and compromised embryo quality, highlighting its fundamental importance in male fertility and assisted reproduction outcomes. Furthermore, investigations of PRM1 gene expression in both fertile and infertile patients have underscored significant associations between altered transcript levels and impaired spermatogenesis as well as defective chromatin packaging."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its structural function, genetic variations and regulatory mechanisms affecting PRM1 have been extensively investigated as contributing factors to male infertility. Screening of the PRM1 gene—including its coding and noncoding regions—has revealed several polymorphisms, promoter variants, and missense mutations that, while often rare, can impact transcription factor binding and mRNA levels. Such alterations have been linked to conditions such as oligozoospermia, teratozoospermia, and general spermiogenic defects. Moreover, environmental factors like bacterial infection and tobacco smoking have been shown to downregulate PRM1 expression or disturb its optimal ratio with P2, further affecting sperm quality. Studies employing mRNA analysis and predictive expression ratios (for example, using the KDM3A-to-PRM1 mRNA ratio) also suggest that accurate PRM1 quantification can serve as a valuable biomarker for successful sperm retrieval and fertilization outcomes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "13", "end_ref": "27"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its well‐established role in spermatogenesis, emerging research has also explored novel functions and regulatory interactions of PRM1 in non‐germ cell contexts. Notably, PRM1 promoter activity can be directly upregulated by transcription factors such as SRY, emphasizing its tightly controlled expression during postmeiotic differentiation. Furthermore, aberrant PRM1 expression has been observed in certain cancer types, where its effect on chromatin condensation may influence cell proliferation and potentially serve as a diagnostic biomarker. Collectively, these findings broaden our understanding of PRM1—not only as a critical mediator of sperm chromatin architecture and genomic integrity, but also as a molecule with significant regulatory and diagnostic implications in both reproductive medicine and oncology."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "28", "end_ref": "34"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hiromitsu Tanaka, Yasushi Miyagawa, Akira Tsujimura, et al. 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Synonyms CT94.1
Proteins HSP1_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID 5619
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions View PRM1's ARCHS4 Predicted Functions.
Co-expressed Genes View PRM1's ARCHS4 Predicted Functions.
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines View PRM1's ARCHS4 Predicted Functions.

Functional Associations

PRM1 has 2,297 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 83 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for PRM1 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Dataset Summary
Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of PRM1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray tissue samples with high or low expression of PRM1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of PRM1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of PRM1 gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles cell types and tissues with high or low expression of PRM1 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles cell types and tissues with high or low expression of PRM1 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles cell lines with high or low copy number of PRM1 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of PRM1 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations cell types associated with PRM1 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of PRM1 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
ChEA Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors binding the promoter of PRM1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 transcription factors binding the promoter of PRM1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules small molecule perturbations changing expression of PRM1 gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores cellular components containing PRM1 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores cellular components co-occuring with PRM1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles cell lines with high or low copy number of PRM1 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles cell lines with PRM1 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
CTD Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with PRM1 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency cell lines with fitness changed by PRM1 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores diseases associated with PRM1 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 diseases associated with PRM1 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores diseases co-occuring with PRM1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 diseases co-occuring with PRM1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with PRM1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations phenotypes associated with PRM1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at PRM1 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of PRM1 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors binding the promoter of PRM1 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing PRM1 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
GAD Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with PRM1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations diseases associated with PRM1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of PRM1 gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations biological terms co-occuring with PRM1 gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.
GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing PRM1 from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases disease perturbations changing expression of PRM1 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of PRM1 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations kinase perturbations changing expression of PRM1 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules small molecule perturbations changing expression of PRM1 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations transcription factor perturbations changing expression of PRM1 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset.
GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections virus perturbations changing expression of PRM1 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections dataset.
GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 biological processes involving PRM1 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 dataset.
GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 biological processes involving PRM1 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 dataset.
GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 cellular components containing PRM1 protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset.
GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 molecular functions performed by PRM1 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset.
GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of PRM1 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 tissues with high or low expression of PRM1 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset.
GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles tissue samples with high or low expression of PRM1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations phenotypes associated with PRM1 gene in GWAS datasets from the GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations dataset.
GWASdb SNP-Disease Associations diseases associated with PRM1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GWASdb SNP-Disease Associations dataset.
GWASdb SNP-Phenotype Associations phenotypes associated with PRM1 gene in GWAS datasets from the GWASdb SNP-Phenotype Associations dataset.
Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles cell lines with high or low expression of PRM1 gene relative to other cell lines from the Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles tissues with high or low expression of PRM1 protein relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles dataset.
Hub Proteins Protein-Protein Interactions interacting hub proteins for PRM1 from the curated Hub Proteins Protein-Protein Interactions dataset.
HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations phenotypes associated with PRM1 gene by text-mining GWAS publications from the HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.
InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations protein domains predicted for PRM1 protein from the InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations dataset.
JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors regulating expression of PRM1 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
Kinase Library Serine Threonine Kinome Atlas kinases that phosphorylate PRM1 protein from the Kinase Library Serine Threonine Atlas dataset.
Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles cell lines with high or low copy number of PRM1 gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations transcription factor perturbations changing expression of PRM1 gene from the KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset.
LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbation Consensus Signatures small molecule perturbations changing expression of PRM1 gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbations Consensus Signatures dataset.
LOCATE Curated Protein Localization Annotations cellular components containing PRM1 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the LOCATE Curated Protein Localization Annotations dataset.
LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations cellular components predicted to contain PRM1 protein from the LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations dataset.
MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by PRM1 gene mutations from the MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 dataset.
MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets transcription factors regulating expression of PRM1 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
MPO Gene-Phenotype Associations phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by PRM1 gene mutations from the MPO Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.
MSigDB Cancer Gene Co-expression Modules co-expressed genes for PRM1 from the MSigDB Cancer Gene Co-expression Modules dataset.
MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of PRM1 gene from the MSigDB Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Cancer Gene Perturbations dataset.
Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions interacting proteins for PRM1 from the Pathway Commons Protein-Protein Interactions dataset.
PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Mouse Gene Perturbations gene perturbations changing expression of PRM1 gene from the PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.
PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 pathways involving PRM1 protein from the PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 dataset.
PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2024 pathways involving PRM1 protein from the Wikipathways PFOCR 2024 dataset.
Phosphosite Textmining Biological Term Annotations biological terms co-occuring with PRM1 protein in abstracts of publications describing phosphosites from the Phosphosite Textmining Biological Term Annotations dataset.
Reactome Pathways 2024 pathways involving PRM1 protein from the Reactome Pathways 2024 dataset.
Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at PRM1 gene from the Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures drug perturbations changing expression of PRM1 gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset.
RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures gene perturbations changing expression of PRM1 gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset.
TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets microRNAs regulating expression of PRM1 gene predicted using conserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets dataset.
TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets microRNAs regulating expression of PRM1 gene predicted using nonconserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets dataset.
TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors tissue samples with high or low expression of PRM1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors dataset.
TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores tissues with high expression of PRM1 protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset.
TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores tissues with high expression of PRM1 protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset.
TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores tissues co-occuring with PRM1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset.
WikiPathways Pathways 2024 pathways involving PRM1 protein from the WikiPathways Pathways 2024 dataset.