| Name | protamine 2 |
| Description | Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis, and are the major DNA-binding proteins in the nucleus of sperm in many vertebrates. They package the sperm DNA into a highly condensed complex in a volume less than 5% of a somatic cell nucleus. Many mammalian species have only one protamine (protamine 1); however, a few species, including human and mouse, have two. This gene encodes protamine 2, which is cleaved to give rise to a family of protamine 2 peptides. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have also been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2015] |
| Summary |
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPRM2 is a key sperm‐specific nuclear protein that replaces histones during spermiogenesis to enable the dramatic chromatin condensation required for forming the tightly packaged sperm head and protecting paternal DNA integrity. PRM2’s function as a histone‐like protein is essential not only for the structural remodeling of sperm chromatin but also for ensuring proper transcriptional silencing during maturation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its fundamental role in nuclear condensation, tightly regulated expression and processing of PRM2 – including its conversion from precursor forms – are critical for maintaining the proper protamine 1 (PRM1) to protamine 2 balance. Disturbances in this ratio, which may arise from point mutations, polymorphisms, or aberrant mRNA levels, have been linked to defective DNA packaging, diminished fertilization capacity, and compromised embryo development. Such alterations have been observed in diverse clinical contexts including idiopathic male infertility, varicocele, and other spermatogenic disorders, underscoring the importance of precise PRM2 regulation for optimal sperm functionality."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "7", "end_ref": "24"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMoreover, emerging evidence indicates that environmental and extrinsic factors—including tobacco smoke, bacterial infections, and exposure to certain drugs—can perturb PRM2 expression and its regulatory network, thereby exacerbating defects in sperm chromatin packaging. In addition, investigations into non‐coding regions of the PRM2 gene have sought to elucidate how subtle genetic variations may impact its transcriptional and translational control, highlighting its potential as a valuable biomarker for assessing spermatogenic health and predicting outcomes in assisted reproductive technologies."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "25", "end_ref": "28"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A Friel, J A Houghton, M Glennon, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A preliminary report on the implication of RT-PCR detection of DAZ, RBMY1, USP9Y and Protamine-2 mRNA in testicular biopsy samples from azoospermic men."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Androl (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1046/j.1365-2605.2002.00326.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2605.2002.00326.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11869379"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11869379"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jianzhi Zhang, David M Webb, Ondrej Podlaha "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Accelerated protein evolution and origins of human-specific features: Foxp2 as an example."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genetics (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/genetics/162.4.1825"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.4.1825"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12524352"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12524352"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "M H Nasr-Esfahani, M Salehi, S Razavi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Effect of protamine-2 deficiency on ICSI outcome."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Reprod Biomed Online (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61776-2"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1472-6483(10"}, {"type": "t", "text": "61776-2) PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15670415"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15670415"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Magdalena Depa-Martynów, Bartosz Kempisty, Margarita Lianeri, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Association between fertilin beta, protamines 1 and 2 and spermatid-specific linker histone H1-like protein mRNA levels, fertilization ability of human spermatozoa, and quality of preimplantation embryos."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Folia Histochem Cytobiol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18292840"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18292840"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Bartosz Kempisty, Magdalena Depa-Martynow, Margarita Lianeri, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Evaluation of protamines 1 and 2 transcript contents in spermatozoa from asthenozoospermic men."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Folia Histochem Cytobiol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18292846"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18292846"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Magdalena Depa-Martynow, Bartosz Kempisty, Paweł Piotr Jagodziński, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Impact of protamine transcripts and their proteins on the quality and fertilization ability of sperm and the development of preimplantation embryos."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Reprod Biol (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/s1642-431x(12)60077-1"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1642-431x(12"}, {"type": "t", "text": "60077-1) PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22472940"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22472940"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hiromitsu Tanaka, Yasushi Miyagawa, Akira Tsujimura, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the protamine-1 and -2 genes of fertile and infertile human male populations."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Hum Reprod (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/molehr/gag010"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gag010"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12569175"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12569175"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nuria Torregrosa, David Domínguez-Fandos, Maria Isabel Camejo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Protamine 2 precursors, protamine 1/protamine 2 ratio, DNA integrity and other sperm parameters in infertile patients."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hum Reprod (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/humrep/del114"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/del114"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16632464"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16632464"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Vincent W Aoki, Greg L Christensen, John F Atkins, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification of novel polymorphisms in the nuclear protein genes and their relationship with human sperm protamine deficiency and severe male infertility."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Fertil Steril (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.04.033"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.04.033"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16989827"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16989827"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Vincent W Aoki, Lihua Liu, Kirtly P Jones, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sperm protamine 1/protamine 2 ratios are related to in vitro fertilization pregnancy rates and predictive of fertilization ability."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Fertil Steril (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.04.024"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.04.024"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17011555"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17011555"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zeyu Xiong, Yan Yan, Enli Liu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Novel tumor antigens elicit anti-tumor humoral immune reactions in a subset of patients with polycythemia vera."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Immunol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.clim.2006.10.006"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2006.10.006"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17113348"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17113348"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sue Hammoud, Benjamin R Emery, Vincent W Aoki, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification of genetic variation in the 5' and 3' non-coding regions of the protamine genes in patients with protamine deregulation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Arch Androl (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1080/01485010701569890"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/01485010701569890"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18309899"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18309899"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sara de Mateo, Cristina Gázquez, Marta Guimerà, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Protamine 2 precursors (Pre-P2), protamine 1 to protamine 2 ratio (P1/P2), and assisted reproduction outcome."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Fertil Steril (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.047"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.047"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18314125"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18314125"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yan Li, Claudia Lalancette, David Miller, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Characterization of nucleohistone and nucleoprotamine components in the mature human sperm nucleus."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Asian J Androl (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00410.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00410.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18478156"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18478156"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "L Imken, H Rouba, B El Houate, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mutations in the protamine locus: association with spermatogenic failure?"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Hum Reprod (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/molehr/gap056"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gap056"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19602509"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19602509"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "F Tüttelmann, P Krenková, S Römer, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A common haplotype of protamine 1 and 2 genes is associated with higher sperm counts."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Androl (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.01003.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.01003.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19863670"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19863670"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "M Jodar, J Oriola, G Mestre, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Polymorphisms, haplotypes and mutations in the protamine 1 and 2 genes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Androl (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01115.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01115.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21029114"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21029114"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elham Savadi-Shiraz, Haleh Edalatkhah, Saeed Talebi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Quantification of sperm specific mRNA transcripts (PRM1, PRM2, and TNP2) in teratozoospermia and normozoospermia: New correlations between mRNA content and morphology of sperm."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Reprod Dev (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/mrd.22440"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.22440"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25536093"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25536093"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Katharina Günther, Agnieszka Paradowska-Dogan, Birte Bärmann, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Expression of sperm-specific protamines impairs bacterial and eukaryotic cell proliferation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Histochem Cell Biol (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00418-015-1309-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-015-1309-3"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25649960"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25649960"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A Zeyad, M F Hamad, M E Hammadeh "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The effects of bacterial infection on human sperm nuclear protamine P1/P2 ratio and DNA integrity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Andrologia (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/and.12841"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12841"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28736810"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28736810"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oya Sena E Aydos, Yalda Hekmatshoar, Buket Altınok, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genetic Polymorphisms in PRM1, PRM2, and YBX2 Genes are Associated with Male Factor Infertility."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genet Test Mol Biomarkers (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1089/gtmb.2017.0040"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1089/gtmb.2017.0040"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29227750"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29227750"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Maryam Nayeri, Ali Reza Talebi, Mohammad Mehdi Heidari, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Polymorphisms of sperm protamine genes and CMA3 staining in infertile men with varicocele."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rev Int Androl (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.androl.2018.07.005"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.androl.2018.07.005"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30482464"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30482464"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zohreh Nazmara, Mohammad Najafi, Mansoureh Movahedin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Correlation Between Protamine-2 and miRNA-122 in Sperm from Heroin-addicted Men: A Case-Control Study."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Urol J (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.22037/uj.v16i7.5747"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.22037/uj.v16i7.5747"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32748386"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32748386"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Houshang Nemati, Masoud Sadeghi, Mehri Nazeri, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Evaluation of the association between polymorphisms of PRM1 and PRM2 and the risk of male infertility: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sci Rep (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41598-020-74233-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74233-3"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33057064"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33057064"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 25, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sofia Amjad, Shamim Mushtaq, Rehana Rehman, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Protamine 1/Protamine 2 mRNA ratio in nonobstructive azoospermic patients."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Andrologia (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/and.13936"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13936"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33427330"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33427330"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 26, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Naokazu Inoue, Yuhkoh Satouh, Ikuo Wada "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "IZUMO family member 3, IZUMO3, is involved in male fertility through the acrosome formation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Reprod Dev (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/mrd.23520"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.23520"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34114279"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34114279"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 27, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sofia Amjad, Shamim Mushtaq, Rehana Rehman, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Spermatozoa retrieval in azoospermia and expression profile of JMJD1A, TNP2, and PRM2 in a subset of the Karachi population."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Andrology (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/andr.13076"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.13076"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34235877"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34235877"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 28, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Houda Amor, Peter Michael Jankowski, Fatina W Dahadhah, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Impact of tobacco smoking in association with H2BFWT, PRM1 and PRM2 genes variants on male infertility."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Andrologia (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/and.14611"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/and.14611"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "36217675"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36217675"}]}]}]}
|
| Synonyms | CT94.2 |
| Proteins | PRM2_HUMAN |
| NCBI Gene ID | 5620 |
| API | |
| Download Associations | |
| Predicted Functions |
 |
| Co-expressed Genes |
|
| Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines |
|
PRM2 has 2,688 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 91 datasets.
Click the + buttons to view associations for PRM2 from the datasets below.
If available, associations are ranked by standardized value
| Dataset | Summary | |
|---|---|---|
| Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of PRM2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of PRM2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray | tissue samples with high or low expression of PRM2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of PRM2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of PRM2 gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | cell types and tissues with high or low expression of PRM2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | cell types and tissues with high or low expression of PRM2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures | small molecule perturbations changing expression of PRM2 gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset. | |
| CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of PRM2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of PRM2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations | cell types associated with PRM2 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of PRM2 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of PRM2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 | transcription factors binding the promoter of PRM2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset. | |
| CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas | gene perturbations changing expression of PRM2 gene from the CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas dataset. | |
| CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules | small molecule perturbations changing expression of PRM2 gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores | cellular components containing PRM2 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores | cellular components co-occuring with PRM2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 | cellular components co-occuring with PRM2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of PRM2 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles | cell lines with PRM2 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset. | |
| CTD Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with PRM2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency | cell lines with fitness changed by PRM2 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset. | |
| DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases associated with PRM2 gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores | diseases co-occuring with PRM2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases co-occuring with PRM2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with PRM2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with PRM2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset. | |
| ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles | histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at PRM2 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of PRM2 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of PRM2 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing PRM2 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset. | |
| GAD Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with PRM2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations | diseases associated with PRM2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset. | |
| GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of PRM2 gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations | biological terms co-occuring with PRM2 gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset. | |
| GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures | PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing PRM2 from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases | disease perturbations changing expression of PRM2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of PRM2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules | small molecule perturbations changing expression of PRM2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections | virus perturbations changing expression of PRM2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 | biological processes involving PRM2 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 | biological processes involving PRM2 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Biological Process Annotations 2025 | biological processes involving PRM2 gene from the curated GO Biological Process Annotations2025 dataset. | |
| GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 | cellular components containing PRM2 protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
| GO Cellular Component Annotations 2023 | cellular components containing PRM2 protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Cellular Component Annotations 2025 | cellular components containing PRM2 protein from the curated GO Cellular Component Annotations 2025 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 | molecular functions performed by PRM2 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2015 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 | molecular functions performed by PRM2 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2023 dataset. | |
| GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 | molecular functions performed by PRM2 gene from the curated GO Molecular Function Annotations 2025 dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of PRM2 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 | tissues with high or low expression of PRM2 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles 2023 dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of PRM2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations 2025 | phenotypes associated with PRM2 gene in GWAS datasets from the GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset. | |
| Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles | cell lines with high or low expression of PRM2 gene relative to other cell lines from the Heiser et al., PNAS, 2011 Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of PRM2 protein relative to other tissues from the HPA Tissue Protein Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with PRM2 gene by text-mining GWAS publications from the HuGE Navigator Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset. | |
| InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations | protein domains predicted for PRM2 protein from the InterPro Predicted Protein Domain Annotations dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets 2025 | transcription factors regulating expression of PRM2 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Mouse Transcription Factor Targets 2025 | transcription factors regulating expression of PRM2 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Mouse Transcription Factor Targets 2025 dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of PRM2 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| Kinase Library Serine Threonine Kinome Atlas | kinases that phosphorylate PRM2 protein from the Kinase Library Serine Threonine Atlas dataset. | |
| Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of PRM2 gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations | transcription factor perturbations changing expression of PRM2 gene from the KnockTF Gene Expression Profiles with Transcription Factor Perturbations dataset. | |
| LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbation Consensus Signatures | small molecule perturbations changing expression of PRM2 gene from the LINCS L1000 CMAP Chemical Perturbations Consensus Signatures dataset. | |
| LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations | cellular components predicted to contain PRM2 protein from the LOCATE Predicted Protein Localization Annotations dataset. | |
| MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 | phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by PRM2 gene mutations from the MGI Mouse Phenotype Associations 2023 dataset. | |
| MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of PRM2 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| MoTrPAC Rat Endurance Exercise Training | tissue samples with high or low expression of PRM2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the MoTrPAC Rat Endurance Exercise Training dataset. | |
| MPO Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes of transgenic mice caused by PRM2 gene mutations from the MPO Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset. | |
| MSigDB Cancer Gene Co-expression Modules | co-expressed genes for PRM2 from the MSigDB Cancer Gene Co-expression Modules dataset. | |
| PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Mouse Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of PRM2 gene from the PerturbAtlas Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
| PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 | pathways involving PRM2 protein from the PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2023 dataset. | |
| PFOCR Pathway Figure Associations 2024 | pathways involving PRM2 protein from the Wikipathways PFOCR 2024 dataset. | |
| Phosphosite Textmining Biological Term Annotations | biological terms co-occuring with PRM2 protein in abstracts of publications describing phosphosites from the Phosphosite Textmining Biological Term Annotations dataset. | |
| Reactome Pathways 2024 | pathways involving PRM2 protein from the Reactome Pathways 2024 dataset. | |
| Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue DNA Methylation Profiles | cell types and tissues with high or low DNA methylation of PRM2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the Roadmap Epigenomics Cell and Tissue DNA Methylation Profiles dataset. | |
| Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles | histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at PRM2 gene from the Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset. | |
| Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 | transcription factors regulating expression of PRM2 gene from the Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures | drug perturbations changing expression of PRM2 gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of PRM2 gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets | microRNAs regulating expression of PRM2 gene predicted using conserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets dataset. | |
| TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets | microRNAs regulating expression of PRM2 gene predicted using nonconserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets dataset. | |
| TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors | tissue samples with high or low expression of PRM2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the TCGA Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Tumors dataset. | |
| TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues with high expression of PRM2 protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues with high expression of PRM2 protein from the TISSUES Curated Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues with high expression of PRM2 protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues with high expression of PRM2 protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores | tissues co-occuring with PRM2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues co-occuring with PRM2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| WikiPathways Pathways 2024 | pathways involving PRM2 protein from the WikiPathways Pathways 2024 dataset. | |
