{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRecent studies have identified PROM2 as a key mediator of cellular resistance to diverse forms of cell death. Under pro‐ferroptotic or chemotherapeutic stress, PROM2 is upregulated and facilitates the formation of ferritin-rich multivesicular bodies and exosomes, thereby exporting iron from the cell and inhibiting ferroptosis. In breast epithelial and carcinoma cells, this mechanism contributes to resistance against ferroptotic stimuli, while in bladder and pancreatic cancer models PROM2 upregulation—modulated by non-coding RNAs or through direct interaction with Akt—promotes chemoresistance by reducing apoptosis. Similar pro-survival functions have been implicated in non-small cell lung cancer and metastatic melanoma, where PROM2 expression correlates with poor treatment response and decreased survival."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its role in cell death resistance, PROM2 is a pentaspan transmembrane glycoprotein whose tissue distribution is distinct yet complementary to that of its paralogue PROM1. It is predominantly expressed in epithelial-derived tissues, including the distal nephron segments, male genitourinary tract, and various digestive epithelia, with comparative gene expression studies revealing differential expression in neoplastic versus benign conditions. Moreover, PROM2 overexpression in several cancers, such as lung and ovarian tumors, has been linked to poor prognosis, supporting its potential utility as a prognostic biomarker."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nNotably, investigations comparing PROM2 with PROM1 highlight functional divergence between these family members. Unlike PROM1—which has been studied extensively as a cancer stem cell marker—PROM2 appears to play an independent role in modulating chemoresistance and cellular survival pathways without exerting similar effects on cell proliferation or stemness."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Caitlin W Brown, John J Amante, Peter Chhoy, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PROM2 promotes gemcitabine chemoresistance via activating the Akt signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Exp Mol Med (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s12276-020-0390-4"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-0390-4"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32123287"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32123287"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jiyang Tang, Dejun Shu, Zhimin Fang, et al. 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