{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nProline‐rich protein 11 (PRR11) has emerged as a novel oncogene that is frequently overexpressed in a variety of human cancers, including lung, gastric, hepatocellular, renal, cutaneous, osteosarcoma, colorectal, glioma, and Ewing’s sarcoma. Functional studies reveal that PRR11 plays a pivotal role in cell cycle regulation, particularly during late S phase and the transition to mitosis. RNA interference–mediated silencing of PRR11 leads to significant S phase arrest, delays in G2/M progression with associated mitotic defects, and ultimately impaired proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumorigenic potential. In lung cancer cells, for example, PRR11 localizes predominantly to the cytoplasm where its timely accumulation and subsequent clearance are critical for proper chromatin condensation and cell division."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAt the molecular level, PRR11 is intricately regulated by several microRNAs and transcription factors. MicroRNAs such as miR‑195, miR‑144‑3p, miR‑211‑5p, and miR‑26b‑5p directly target the 3′‑UTR of PRR11 mRNA to inhibit its expression, thereby inducing S phase arrest and promoting apoptosis in various cancer cell models. In contrast, transcriptional regulators including NF‑Y, p53, and c‑Myc modulate a bidirectional promoter element shared by PRR11 and its partner SKA2 or bind directly to the PRR11 promoter to enhance its transcription. In addition, PRR11 appears to crosstalk with key signaling pathways such as the Wnt/β‑catenin, EGFR, Hedgehog, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR cascades and even influences actin cytoskeletal dynamics through interaction with the ARP2/3 complex, effects that collectively contribute to its roles in cell cycle control and cytoskeletal organization."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "7", "end_ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nClinically, elevated PRR11 expression is strongly associated with aggressive tumor behavior, poor prognosis, and resistance to conventional therapies across multiple cancer types. Studies in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, osteosarcoma, bladder urothelial carcinoma, glioma, and Ewing’s sarcoma indicate that its aberrant upregulation is linked with enhanced cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and dysregulated cell cycle progression. These findings, together with evidence from colorectal and pancreatic cancers, underscore the potential of PRR11 not only as a prognostic biomarker but also as a promising therapeutic target for tailored cancer treatment strategies."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "14", "end_ref": "22"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}]}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ying Ji, Mengyu Xie, Huan Lan, et al. 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