{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPTBP3, also known as ROD1, has emerged as a key oncogenic RNA‐binding protein in a range of cancers. Elevated levels of PTBP3 promote epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) by stabilizing transcripts such as ZEB1, thereby driving invasive growth and metastasis in breast, gastric, and lung adenocarcinomas. In colorectal cancer, increased PTBP3 expression enhances tumor cell proliferation through the stabilization of mRNAs that mediate p53 degradation, and its high levels correlate with poor patient prognosis. Furthermore, PTBP3 deregulation is implicated in altered differentiation in both hematologic and solid malignancies, positioning it as a potential therapeutic and diagnostic target."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its oncogenic properties, PTBP3 serves as a critical regulator of post‐transcriptional gene expression. It governs alternative splicing, 3′-end processing, and mRNA decay by interacting with factors such as UPF1 in the nonsense-mediated decay pathway. By binding to 3′ untranslated regions, PTBP3 prevents transcript degradation in key regulatory cascades, including those controlling EMT and immune responses. Moreover, PTBP3 is itself subject to regulation by microRNAs (e.g. miR-210 and miR-297) and long non-coding RNAs such as Meg3, and it even functions as a guide for activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) recruitment during antibody diversification, thereby linking RNA processing to immune regulation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "7", "end_ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPTBP3’s versatile regulatory roles extend to the cellular stress response and other non‐neoplastic conditions. Under hypoxic conditions, for example, PTBP3 expression is upregulated and it selectively binds to hypoxia-regulated transcripts (such as those of ATG12), thereby promoting autophagy and contributing to chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Aberrant alternative splicing events mediated by PTBP3 can facilitate tumor immune evasion, as demonstrated by the generation of novel cytokine isoforms in gallbladder cancer. In addition, PTBP3 participates in other nuclear RNA regulatory processes—including interactions with mitochondrial tRNAs and the modulation of its own transcription via long-range chromatin looping—and influences trophoblast function in preeclampsia. Collectively, these findings underscore the multifaceted nature of PTBP3 in regulating gene expression programs that govern cancer progression, immune modulation, and cellular homeostasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "14", "end_ref": "21"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Bin Chen, Ai-Guang Zhao, Jin Shao, et al. 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