{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPTGER2, which encodes the prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) E‐series receptor subtype 2 (EP2), is emerging as a key regulator of immune responses. In dendritic cells, EP2 signaling cooperates with other PGE₂ receptors to enhance chemotactic migration and regulate cytokine profiles, thereby shaping T‐cell priming and Th17 differentiation. EP2‐mediated pathways also contribute to immunosuppression in conditions such as decompensated cirrhosis, and modulate interferon production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. In settings of airway disease and aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory syndromes, altered EP2 expression underlies resistance to the antiproliferative actions of PGE₂ on fibroblasts and may influence disease severity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn cancer and tumor biology, EP2 receptor signaling has been repeatedly linked to processes that drive malignancy. Studies in gastric, breast, ovarian, endometrial, squamous, prostate, and kidney carcinomas show that elevated EP2 expression promotes transactivation of growth factor receptors, up‐regulation of aromatase, enhanced angiogenesis, and increased cell migration and invasion. Conversely, in some contexts such as neuroblastoma, epigenetic silencing of PTGER2 is associated with reduced growth‐inhibitory signaling. Collectively, these findings suggest that EP2 is a pivotal mediator of pro‐tumorigenic PGE₂ activities and a promising target for therapeutic intervention."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "13", "end_ref": "31"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nApart from its roles in immunomodulation and cancer, PTGER2 signaling is vital for regulating tissue remodeling, fibrosis, and cellular homeostasis. Activation of EP2 in fibroblasts and chondrocytes induces cyclic AMP–dependent pathways that inhibit cell migration and collagen deposition, thereby exerting anti‐fibrotic effects. In endometriosis, EP2 drives survival signaling and modulates matrix metalloproteinase expression via kinase cascades and chromatin modifications. 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