PTGS1 Gene

Name	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase)
Description	This is one of two genes encoding similar enzymes that catalyze the conversion of arachidonate to prostaglandin. The encoded protein regulates angiogenesis in endothelial cells, and is inhibited by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin. Based on its ability to function as both a cyclooxygenase and as a peroxidase, the encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein. The protein may promote cell proliferation during tumor progression. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2021]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPTGS1, which encodes cyclooxygenase‐1 (COX‐1), is a constitutively expressed enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H₂—a key precursor in the synthesis of biologically active prostanoids. Structural and biochemical studies show that COX‐1 is organized into distinct folding units (a membrane‐binding motif, an epidermal growth factor domain, and an enzymatic domain with tightly coupled cyclooxygenase and peroxidase activities) that allow typical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and aspirin to bind and inhibit its function. Moreover, alternative splicing events in the PTGS1 gene, such as intron 1 retention that leads to isoforms like COX‐3 and other partial COX‐1 proteins, contribute to tissue‐selective activity and differential drug responsiveness."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn various pathological contexts, dysregulation and genetic variability of PTGS1 have been implicated in disease progression. Overexpression of COX‐1 in tumors such as cervical and ovarian carcinomas drives enhanced prostaglandin E₂ synthesis that can promote autocrine/paracrine signaling routes supporting tumorigenesis, while polymorphic variants in PTGS1 have been associated with an elevated risk for conditions such as colorectal adenomas and altered central nervous system processes—including a possible contribution to amyloid‐beta peptide generation in Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, epigenetic mechanisms (for example, histone deacetylase‐sensitive regulation) further influence COX‐1 expression in neural cells, underscoring the enzyme’s dynamic role beyond baseline homeostasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nClinically, PTGS1 is the principal target for aspirin and many NSAIDs, and its inhibition leads to decreased thromboxane A₂ production from platelets—central to the antithrombotic and cardioprotective effects of these drugs. However, genetic polymorphisms within PTGS1 contribute to considerable interindividual variation in drug responsiveness and are linked to altered risks for cardiovascular events such as stroke and coronary heart disease. In addition, the predominant role of COX‐1 in tissues such as the myocardium and airway epithelia further emphasizes its importance in both the maintenance of normal physiology and the response to pharmacologic intervention."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "13", "end_ref": "20"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "N V Chandrasekharan, Hu Dai, K Lamar Turepu Roos, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "COX-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure, and expression."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.162468699"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.162468699"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12242329"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12242329"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "D Picot, P J Loll, R M Garavito "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The X-ray crystal structure of the membrane protein prostaglandin H2 synthase-1."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (1994)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/367243a0"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/367243a0"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "8121489"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8121489"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Marc K Halushka, Linda P Walker, Perry V Halushka "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genetic variation in cyclooxygenase 1: effects on response to aspirin."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Pharmacol Ther (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1067/mcp.2003.1"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1067/mcp.2003.1"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12545150"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12545150"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A O Maree, R J Curtin, A Chubb, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in the normal human heart and in myocardial infarction."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cardiovasc Pathol (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.carpath.2007.02.005"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpath.2007.02.005"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17868881"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17868881"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	PCOX1, PGG/HS, PTGHS, PGHS-1, PES-1, PGHS1, PHS1
Proteins	PGH1_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	5742
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

PTGS1 has 11,778 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, functional term, phrase or reference, chemical, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 137 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for PTGS1 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

PTGS1 Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles	cell lines with fitness changed by PTGS1 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the Achilles Cell Line Gene Essentiality Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of PTGS1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of PTGS1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of PTGS1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of PTGS1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of PTGS1 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of PTGS1 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Biocarta Pathways	pathways involving PTGS1 protein from the Biocarta Pathways dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of PTGS1 gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of PTGS1 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of PTGS1 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of PTGS1 gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of PTGS1 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of PTGS1 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with PTGS1 protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with PTGS1 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of PTGS1 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of PTGS1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of PTGS1 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025	phenotypes associated with PTGS1 gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of PTGS1 gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing PTGS1 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing PTGS1 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with PTGS1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with PTGS1 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	CORUM Protein Complexes	protein complexs containing PTGS1 protein from the CORUM Protein Complexes dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of PTGS1 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with PTGS1 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with PTGS1 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with PTGS1 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action	small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of PTGS1 protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by PTGS1 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with PTGS1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with PTGS1 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with PTGS1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with PTGS1 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	DrugBank Drug Targets	interacting drugs for PTGS1 protein from the curated DrugBank Drug Targets dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at PTGS1 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of PTGS1 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of PTGS1 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.