PTMA Gene

Name	prothymosin, alpha
Description	Enables DNA-binding transcription factor binding activity and histone binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of apoptotic process. Located in cytosol and nucleoplasm. [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Mar 2025]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nProthymosin‑α (PTMA) is a multifunctional, small acidic protein that plays a pivotal role in regulating cell death and survival pathways. Several studies have revealed that PTMA acts as a negative regulator of apoptosis by interfering with apoptosome formation and caspase‐9 activation; in some settings, it partners with proteins such as p8 to form anti‑apoptotic complexes, while chemical agents can counteract its inhibitory effects thereby restoring apoptosis. PTMA also interacts directly with Keap1, thereby liberating Nrf2 to induce the expression of genes that counter oxidative stress. In addition, its phosphorylation status is essential for its cytoprotective, anti‑apoptotic activity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nWithin the nucleus, PTMA contributes to chromatin regulation and transcriptional control. It binds to core histones—including histones H3, H2A, H2B, and H4—and interacts with transcriptional coactivators such as CREB‑binding protein. These interactions facilitate global chromatin decondensation and thereby modulate gene expression. Furthermore, PTMA’s structural plasticity—enhanced by zinc‐dependent partial folding—underscores its capacity to act as an intrinsically disordered protein that adapts to diverse nuclear functions including the regulation of proliferation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "8", "end_ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nClinically, aberrant PTMA expression and subcellular localization have been associated with various disease states. Elevated or mislocalized PTMA is linked to aggressive tumor behavior and chemoresistance in cancers such as colorectal, bladder, and non‑small cell lung cancer—in some cases provoking a TP53 response—while reduced expression accompanies differentiation in certain malignancies. In neurodegenerative models, PTMA overexpression ameliorates mutant huntingtin‐induced cytotoxicity, and in the cardiovascular system, increased PTMA following myocardial infarction promotes cardioprotection by activating pro‑survival kinases such as Akt. Moreover, PTMA may function as a ligand of toll‑like receptor 4, thereby contributing to inflammatory signaling pathways implicated in metabolic disorders."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "11", "end_ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nikolai A Pavlov, Dmitry I Cherny, Gudrun Heim, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Amyloid fibrils from the mammalian protein prothymosin alpha."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FEBS Lett (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02572-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(02"}, {"type": "t", "text": "02572-3) PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12062405"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12062405"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xuejun Jiang, Hyun-Eui Kim, Hongjun Shu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Distinctive roles of PHAP proteins and prothymosin-alpha in a death regulatory pathway."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Science (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1126/science.1076807"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1076807"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12522243"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12522243"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ruben N Karapetian, Alexandra G Evstafieva, Irina S Abaeva, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nuclear oncoprotein prothymosin alpha is a partner of Keap1: implications for expression of oxidative stress-protecting genes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.25.3.1089-1099.2005"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.25.3.1089-1099.2005"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15657435"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15657435"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cédric Malicet, Valentin Giroux, Sophie Vasseur, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Regulation of apoptosis by the p8/prothymosin alpha complex."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0508955103"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0508955103"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16478804"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16478804"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cédric Malicet, Jean Charles Dagorn, José Luis Neira, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "p8 and prothymosin alpha: unity is strength."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Cycle (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4161/cc.5.8.2686"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4161/cc.5.8.2686"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16628001"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16628001"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "David Moreira, Cristina Díaz-Jullien, Concepción S Sarandeses, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Prothymosin alpha associates with the oncoprotein SET and is involved in chromatin decondensation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FEBS Lett (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.febslet.2004.09.091"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2004.09.091"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15556635"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15556635"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Guillermo Covelo, Concepción S Sarandeses, Cristina Díaz-Jullien, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Prothymosin-α interacts with mutant huntingtin and suppresses its cytotoxicity in cell culture."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M111.294280"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.294280"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22110140"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22110140"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Alessandro Cannavo, Giuseppe Rengo, Daniela Liccardo, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Prothymosin alpha protects cardiomyocytes against ischemia-induced apoptosis via preservation of Akt activation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Apoptosis (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s10495-013-0876-9"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-013-0876-9"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23857453"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23857453"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Meng Zhang, Feifei Cui, Su Lu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Increased expression of prothymosin-α, independently or combined with TP53, correlates with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Clin Exp Pathol (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25197357"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25197357"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yu-Chu Su, Horng-Yih Ou, Hung-Tsung Wu, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Prothymosin-α enhances phosphatase and tensin homolog expression and binds with tripartite motif-containing protein 21 to regulate Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling in human bladder cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Sci (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/cas.13963"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.13963"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30719818"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30719818"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Long Jin, Li-Yong Zhu, Yu-Liang Pan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Prothymosin α promotes colorectal carcinoma chemoresistance through inducing lipid droplet accumulation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mitochondrion (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.mito.2021.04.001"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2021.04.001"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33872798"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33872798"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Guoxiang Jiang, Honge Yu, Zhengliang Li, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "lncRNA cytoskeleton regulator reduces non‑small cell lung cancer radiosensitivity by downregulating miRNA‑206 and activating prothymosin α."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Oncol (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3892/ijo.2021.5268"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2021.5268"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34558643"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34558643"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	TMSA
Proteins	PTMA_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	5757
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

PTMA has 26,288 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 113 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for PTMA from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

PTMA Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of PTMA gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of PTMA gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of PTMA gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of PTMA gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of PTMA gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of PTMA gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of PTMA gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of PTMA gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of PTMA gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of PTMA gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with PTMA protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with PTMA gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of PTMA gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of PTMA gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of PTMA gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of PTMA gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with PTMA protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of PTMA gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with PTMA gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with PTMA gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with PTMA gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action	small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of PTMA protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases associated with PTMA gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases associated with PTMA gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with PTMA gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with PTMA gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with PTMA gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at PTMA gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of PTMA gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of PTMA gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing PTMA from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GAD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with PTMA gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with PTMA gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of PTMA gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations	biological terms co-occuring with PTMA gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.
	GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing PTMA from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset.
	GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases	disease perturbations changing expression of PTMA gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset.
	GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations	gene perturbations changing expression of PTMA gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset.
	GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations	kinase perturbations changing expression of PTMA gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations dataset.
	GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of PTMA gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.