{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMultiple genetic studies have implicated PTPRD as a pivotal tumor‐suppressor gene whose loss or inactivation contributes to tumor initiation and progression in diverse cancers. In several malignancies – including glioblastoma, lung, head and neck, cutaneous squamous, renal, gastric, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and even melanoma – PTPRD is frequently inactivated by focal deletions, point mutations, aberrant splicing events or epigenetic silencing. Loss‐of‐function of PTPRD deregulates signaling cascades (for example, via failure to dephosphorylate STAT3), resulting in enhanced cell growth, invasion and altered tumor spectrum. These findings suggest that even partial loss of PTPRD (haploinsufficiency) or its cooperative deletion with other tumor suppressors (for example, CDKN2A/p16) accelerates oncogenesis and metastasis, underscoring its critical role in maintaining cell‐cycle and adhesion homeostasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "20"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its established tumor‐suppressor properties, PTPRD plays critical roles in the nervous system. Several genome‐wide association and functional studies have linked variants in PTPRD to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric conditions – including restless legs syndrome, pediatric asthma with neuroimmune involvement, opioid dependence and tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease – as well as to synaptogenesis. In neuronal contexts, PTPRD directly interacts with key trans‐synaptic adhesion molecules such as NGL‐3, SALM5 and IL1RAPL1, thereby regulating presynaptic differentiation and dendritic spine formation. These interactions not only highlight a role in proper neural circuit formation but also suggest that dysregulation of PTPRD function may contribute to cognitive impairment and other neurobehavioral disorders."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "21", "end_ref": "30"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nGenetic studies have further revealed an emerging role for PTPRD in metabolic regulation. Genome‐wide association analyses in different populations have associated variations in or near PTPRD with type 2 diabetes susceptibility, altered insulin signaling and differences in therapeutic responses (for example, to pioglitazone). Moreover, altered PTPRD expression – including aberrant DNA methylation patterns – has been linked to impaired adipogenesis and related metabolic dysfunction, and preliminary evidence even suggests a potential contribution of PTPRD to non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. These metabolic associations point to a multifaceted contribution of PTPRD in both energy homeostasis and disease susceptibility."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "31", "end_ref": "35"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Masamitsu Sato, Kenji Takahashi, Kazuhiro Nagayama, et al. 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