RALY Gene

HGNC Family	RNA binding motif containing (RBM)
Name	RALY heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein
Description	This gene encodes a member of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) gene family. This protein may play a role in pre-mRNA splicing and in embryonic development. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRALY is a multifunctional RNA‐binding protein belonging to the hnRNP family that exerts key regulatory functions at the post‐transcriptional level. It binds poly‐U rich elements in both coding and non‐coding RNAs to modulate mRNA stability, translation, and alternative splicing. For example, RALY has been shown to interact directly with transcripts such as ANXA1 and H1FX, regulate the stability of E2F1 mRNA, and influence the methylation and intracellular localization of FUS – thereby indirectly affecting cell cycle progression and gene transcription. These studies underscore RALY’s role as a poly‐U binding regulator of RNA metabolism in diverse cellular contexts."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn various malignancies, RALY—and its closely related liver progenitor‐specific isoform RALYL—has emerged as a critical mediator of tumorigenesis and metastasis. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), RALYL enhances tumorigenicity, stemness, chemoresistance, and metastasis by stabilizing TGF‐β2 mRNA through a reduction of m6A modification, and by cooperating with splicing factors (e.g., SF3B3) to shift the alternative splicing of MTA1 in favor of isoforms that promote cholesterologenesis and cell proliferation. Consistent with these oncogenic roles, in lung cancer RALY facilitates tumor progression by interacting with Mdm2 and the deubiquitinating enzyme USP7, thereby enhancing p53 degradation; in non‐small cell lung cancer, its overexpression governs cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Moreover, in glioma, SUMOylation of RALY increases its stability and drives pro‐migratory and vasculogenic mimicry programs via the upregulation of FOXD1 and DKK1. In colorectal cancer, RALY contributes to metastatic progression by promoting exosome biogenesis through binding to and stabilizing PLD2 mRNA in an m6A‐dependent manner, which in turn activates pro‐tumor macrophages."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAdditional clinical correlations further highlight the impact of RALY activity in cancer. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma, reduced expression of the RALYL isoform correlates with larger tumor size, higher staging, and poorer patient survival, suggesting its potential as a prognostic marker."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Furthermore, the metabolic reprogramming observed in colorectal cancer—a recognized cancer hallmark—may intersect with RALY‐driven exosome signaling to further facilitate metastatic dissemination."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Collectively, these studies reveal that RALY orchestrates diverse post‐transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that impinge on key oncogenic pathways, positioning it as a promising diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in cancer.\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Annalisa Rossi, Albertomaria Moro, Toma Tebaldi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification and dynamic changes of RNAs isolated from RALY-containing ribonucleoprotein complexes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nucleic Acids Res (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/nar/gkx235"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkx235"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28379492"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28379492"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Emma Bondy-Chorney, R Mitchell Baldwin, Andréanne Didillon, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RNA binding protein RALY promotes Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1 alternatively spliced isoform v2 relative expression and metastatic potential in breast cancer cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Biochem Cell Biol (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.biocel.2017.07.008"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2017.07.008"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28733251"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28733251"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nicola Cornella, Toma Tebaldi, Lisa Gasperini, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The hnRNP RALY regulates transcription and cell proliferation by modulating the expression of specific factors including the proliferation marker E2F1."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M117.795591"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M117.795591"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28972179"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28972179"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lisa Gasperini, Annalisa Rossi, Nicola Cornella, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The hnRNP RALY regulates PRMT1 expression and interacts with the ALS-linked protein FUS: implication for reciprocal cellular localization."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Biol Cell (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1091/mbc.E18-02-0108"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E18-02-0108"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30354839"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30354839"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zhao Liang, Aliya Rehati, Erhati Husaiyin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RALY regulate the proliferation and expression of immune/inflammatory response genes via alternative splicing of FOS."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genes Immun (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41435-022-00178-4"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41435-022-00178-4"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "35941292"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35941292"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Guanchu Song, Genyan Guo, Tianqi Du, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RALY may cause an aggressive biological behavior and a dismal prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Exp Cell Res (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111884"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111884"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32014444"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32014444"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xia Wang, Jin Wang, Yu-Man Tsui, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RALYL increases hepatocellular carcinoma stemness by sustaining the mRNA stability of TGF-β2."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41467-021-21828-7"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21828-7"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33750796"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33750796"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yejun Qiao, Qili Shi, Xu Yuan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RNA binding protein RALY activates the cholesterol synthesis pathway through an MTA1 splicing switch in hepatocellular carcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Lett (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215711"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215711"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "35490918"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35490918"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hao Hu, Kailiang Zhao, Debao Fang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The RNA binding protein RALY suppresses p53 activity and promotes lung tumorigenesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Rep (2023)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112288"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112288"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "36952348"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36952348"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shuo Cao, Di Wang, Ping Wang, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "SUMOylation of RALY promotes vasculogenic mimicry in glioma cells via the FOXD1/DKK1 pathway."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Biol Toxicol (2023)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s10565-023-09836-3"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10565-023-09836-3"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "37906341"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37906341"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jing Zhou, Ling Li, Yicun Han, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RNA binding protein RALY facilitates colorectal cancer metastasis via enhancing exosome biogenesis in m6A dependent manner."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Int J Biol Macromol (2024)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133112"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133112"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "38880454"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38880454"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zhi-Wen Cui, Ye Xia, Yi-Wang Ye, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RALY RNA binding protein-like reduced expression is associated with poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Asian Pac J Cancer Prev (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.7.3403"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.7.3403"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22994768"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22994768"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lei Sun, Arabella Wan, Zhuolong Zhou, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RNA-binding protein RALY reprogrammes mitochondrial metabolism via mediating miRNA processing in colorectal cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gut (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320652"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320652"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33219048"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33219048"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	P542, HNRPCL2
Proteins	RALY_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	22913
API
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Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

RALY has 7,155 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 122 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for RALY from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

RALY Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of RALY gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of RALY gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of RALY gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of RALY gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of RALY gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of RALY gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of RALY gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of RALY gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of RALY gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of RALY gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with RALY protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with RALY gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of RALY gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of RALY gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of RALY gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of RALY gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing RALY protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing RALY protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing RALY protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing RALY protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with RALY protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with RALY protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	CORUM Protein Complexes	protein complexs containing RALY protein from the CORUM Protein Complexes dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of RALY gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with RALY gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with RALY gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with RALY gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by RALY gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases associated with RALY gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases associated with RALY gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with RALY gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with RALY gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with RALY gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with RALY gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at RALY gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of RALY gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of RALY gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing RALY from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GAD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with RALY gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with RALY gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset.