RARRES2 Gene

HGNC Family	Endogenous ligands
Name	retinoic acid receptor responder (tazarotene induced) 2
Description	This gene encodes a secreted chemotactic protein that initiates chemotaxis via the ChemR23 G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane domain ligand. Expression of this gene is upregulated by the synthetic retinoid tazarotene and occurs in a wide variety of tissues. The active protein has several roles, including that as an adipokine and as an antimicrobial protein with activity against bacteria and fungi. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRARRES2, also known as chemerin, is a multifunctional adipokine critically involved in adipocyte development and metabolic regulation. It is highly expressed in adipose tissue and secreted by mature adipocytes, where it promotes adipogenesis, modulates insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake, and influences lipid and glucose homeostasis. Elevated chemerin levels are consistently associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, underscoring its role as an important mediator of energy balance and adipocyte function."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its metabolic actions, chemerin functions as a potent chemoattractant linking innate and adaptive immunity. In its secreted precursor form (prochemerin), proteolytic processing generates an active product that binds to specific G protein–coupled receptors—most notably CMKLR1—to direct the migration of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, macrophages, and other immune cells toward sites of tissue injury and inflammation. This capacity to regulate immune cell chemotaxis places chemerin at the crossroads of inflammation and host defense."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "8", "end_ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMoreover, chemerin appears to act as a molecular link between chronic inflammation and a variety of pathophysiological conditions. Elevated circulating or local chemerin levels have been reported in association with cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and even malignancies. In these contexts, chemerin not only affects immune cell recruitment but also modulates vascular tone, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. Additional studies have implicated chemerin in reproductive functions and hepatic responses, further expanding its multifaceted role and suggesting that its dysregulation may contribute to the progression of inflammatory and metabolic disorders."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "16", "end_ref": "38"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kerry B Goralski, Tanya C McCarthy, Elyisha A Hanniman, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chemerin, a novel adipokine that regulates adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M700793200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M700793200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17635925"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17635925"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Matthew C Ernst, Christopher J Sinal "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chemerin: at the crossroads of inflammation and obesity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Trends Endocrinol Metab (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.tem.2010.08.001"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2010.08.001"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20817486"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20817486"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Henrike Sell, Jurga Laurencikiene, Annika Taube, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chemerin is a novel adipocyte-derived factor inducing insulin resistance in primary human skeletal muscle cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Diabetes (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.2337/db09-0277"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.2337/db09-0277"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19720798"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19720798"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Michiko Takahashi, Yutaka Takahashi, Kenichi Takahashi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chemerin enhances insulin signaling and potentiates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FEBS Lett (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.febslet.2008.01.023"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2008.01.023"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18242188"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18242188"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Henrike Sell, Adeline Divoux, Christine Poitou, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chemerin correlates with markers for fatty liver in morbidly obese patients and strongly decreases after weight loss induced by bariatric surgery."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1210/jc.2009-2374"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-2374"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20375212"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20375212"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kiymet Bozaoglu, Joanne E Curran, Claire J Stocker, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chemerin activation by serine proteases of the coagulation, fibrinolytic, and inflammatory cascades."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M504868200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M504868200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16096270"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16096270"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cristina Albanesi, Claudia Scarponi, Sabatino Pallotta, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chemerin expression marks early psoriatic skin lesions and correlates with plasmacytoid dendritic cell recruitment."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Exp Med (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1084/jem.20080129"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20080129"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19114666"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19114666"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Brian A Zabel, Susumu Nakae, Luis Zúñiga, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mast cell-expressed orphan receptor CCRL2 binds chemerin and is required for optimal induction of IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Exp Med (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1084/jem.20080300"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20080300"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18794339"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18794339"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "William Vermi, Elena Riboldi, Valerie Wittamer, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Neutrophil-mediated maturation of chemerin: a link between innate and adaptive immunity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Immunol (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.487"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.487"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15972683"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15972683"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Magdalena Herová, Mattia Schmid, Claudio Gemperle, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "ChemR23, the receptor for chemerin and resolvin E1, is expressed and functional on M1 but not on M2 macrophages."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Immunol (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.4049/jimmunol.1402166"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1402166"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25637017"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25637017"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Giuseppe De Palma, Giuseppe Castellano, Annalisa Del Prete, et al. 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"}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Systemic chemerin is related to inflammation rather than obesity in type 2 diabetes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03664.x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03664.x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19558533"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19558533"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kiymet Bozaoglu, David Segal, Katherine A Shields, et al. 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Synonyms	TIG2, HP10433
Proteins	RARR2_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	5919
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

RARRES2 has 9,599 functional associations with biological entities spanning 9 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA, sequence feature) extracted from 108 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for RARRES2 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

RARRES2 Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of RARRES2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of RARRES2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of RARRES2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of RARRES2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of RARRES2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of RARRES2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of RARRES2 gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of RARRES2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of RARRES2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of RARRES2 gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of RARRES2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of RARRES2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with RARRES2 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of RARRES2 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of RARRES2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of RARRES2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas	gene perturbations changing expression of RARRES2 gene from the CM4AI KOLF21J CRISPRi Gene Perturbation Atlas dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of RARRES2 gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing RARRES2 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing RARRES2 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing RARRES2 protein in low- or high-throughput protein localization assays from the COMPARTMENTS Experimental Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with RARRES2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with RARRES2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of RARRES2 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with RARRES2 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with RARRES2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with RARRES2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations	traits associated with RARRES2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the dbGAP Gene-Trait Associations dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by RARRES2 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with RARRES2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with RARRES2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with RARRES2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with RARRES2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at RARRES2 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of RARRES2 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of RARRES2 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing RARRES2 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GAD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with RARRES2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with RARRES2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of RARRES2 gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.