{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRET – a receptor tyrosine kinase – is essential for normal embryogenesis and the development of several organ systems. In the nervous system, RET signaling helps regulate processes such as neurite extension and lamellipodia formation, and mutations in its regulatory elements contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders such as Hirschsprung disease and even aspects of neuropsychiatric conditions. In kidney formation, precise RET dosage is critical, as aberrant RET activity (whether reduced or dysregulated) has been linked to renal agenesis and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Overall, functional RET signaling is indispensable for establishing and maintaining the proper development of enteric neurons, renal structures, and other tissues."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn thyroid tumorigenesis, RET’s role is multifaceted. In papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), chromosomal rearrangements that result in RET/PTC fusion oncogenes represent one of the major genetic events driving malignancy – often occurring exclusively in tumors lacking other common mutations (such as in BRAF or RAS). In medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), both sporadic and hereditary forms are frequently associated with activating point mutations of RET; these mutations not only serve as key diagnostic markers but also correlate with distinct clinical outcomes. Comprehensive expression profiling has further revealed that RET-driven oncogenic signals imprint unique transcriptional signatures that are associated with tumor morphology and behavior."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "11", "end_ref": "20"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond thyroid cancers, aberrant RET activation – most commonly through gene fusions – has emerged as an oncogenic driver in non‐small‐cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and other solid tumors. In lung adenocarcinoma, diverse fusion partners (such as KIF5B and CCDC6) lead to constitutive RET kinase activation, which not only initiates tumorigenesis but also can mediate acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)–targeted therapies. The identification of such oncogenic RET rearrangements has spurred the development of selective RET inhibitors (and multikinase inhibitors with RET activity), underscoring the clinical potential of targeting RET aberrations in these malignancies."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "21", "end_ref": "27"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRET’s oncogenic impact also extends to other endocrine neoplasms and therapeutic contexts. In pheochromocytoma – notably within multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) syndromes – RET mutations underlie susceptibility and have been integrated into genetic screening algorithms. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that RET’s repertoire of aberrations and its complex downstream signaling cascade make it an attractive yet challenging target, prompting reviews and clinical investigations into combination strategies and selective inhibition approaches. Novel roles for RET signaling have been uncovered in areas such as cancer cachexia, where activation of the GFRAL–RET axis mediates metabolic derangements, and in endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer. Collectively, these findings highlight RET as a critical mediator in both developmental biology and diverse oncogenic processes, underscoring its potential as a target for precision therapy."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "28", "end_ref": "33"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eileen Sproat Emison, Andrew S McCallion, Carl S Kashuk, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A common sex-dependent mutation in a RET enhancer underlies Hirschsprung disease risk."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nature (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nature03467"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03467"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15829955"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15829955"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Minerva M Carrasquillo, Andrew S McCallion, Erik G Puffenberger, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genome-wide association study and mouse model identify interaction between RET and EDNRB pathways in Hirschsprung disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Genet (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ng998"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ng998"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12355085"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12355085"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Michael A Skinner, Shawn D Safford, Justin G Reeves, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Renal aplasia in humans is associated with RET mutations."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Hum Genet (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.10.008"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.10.008"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18252215"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18252215"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sanjay Jain, Mario Encinas, Eugene M Johnson, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Critical and distinct roles for key RET tyrosine docking sites in renal development."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genes Dev (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1101/gad.1387206"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.1387206"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16452504"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16452504"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Toshifumi Fukuda, Kazutoshi Kiuchi, Masahide Takahashi "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Novel mechanism of regulation of Rac activity and lamellipodia formation by RET tyrosine kinase."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M200643200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M200643200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11886862"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11886862"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lois M Mulligan "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RET revisited: expanding the oncogenic portfolio."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Rev Cancer (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nrc3680"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc3680"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24561444"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24561444"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eileen Sproat Emison, Merce Garcia-Barcelo, Elizabeth A Grice, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Differential contributions of rare and common, coding and noncoding Ret mutations to multifactorial Hirschsprung disease liability."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Hum Genet (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.06.007"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.06.007"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20598273"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20598273"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Stacey B Gabriel, Rémi Salomon, Anna Pelet, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Segregation at three loci explains familial and population risk in Hirschsprung disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Genet (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ng868"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ng868"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11953745"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11953745"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Maria-Mercè Garcia-Barcelo, Clara Sze-Man Tang, Elly Sau-Wai Ngan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genome-wide association study identifies NRG1 as a susceptibility locus for Hirschsprung's disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0809630105"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0809630105"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19196962"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19196962"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Joseph T Glessner, Muredach P Reilly, Cecilia E Kim, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Strong synaptic transmission impact by copy number variations in schizophrenia."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.1000274107"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1000274107"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20489179"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20489179"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Edna T Kimura, Marina N Nikiforova, Zhaowen Zhu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "High prevalence of BRAF mutations in thyroid cancer: genetic evidence for constitutive activation of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF signaling pathway in papillary thyroid carcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Res (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12670889"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12670889"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Paula Soares, Vítor Trovisco, Ana Sofia Rocha, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "BRAF mutations and RET/PTC rearrangements are alternative events in the etiopathogenesis of PTC."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncogene (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.onc.1206706"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1206706"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12881714"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12881714"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yuri E Nikiforov "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RET/PTC rearrangement in thyroid tumors."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Endocr Pathol (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1385/ep:13:1:03"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1385/ep:13:1:03"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12114746"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12114746"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rossella Elisei, Barbara Cosci, Cristina Romei, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Prognostic significance of somatic RET oncogene mutations in sporadic medullary thyroid cancer: a 10-year follow-up study."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1210/jc.2007-1714"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-1714"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18073307"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18073307"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Raffaele Ciampi, Yuri E Nikiforov "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RET/PTC rearrangements and BRAF mutations in thyroid tumorigenesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Endocrinology (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1210/en.2006-0921"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-0921"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16946010"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16946010"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nishant Agrawal, Yuchen Jiao, Mark Sausen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Exomic sequencing of medullary thyroid cancer reveals dominant and mutually exclusive oncogenic mutations in RET and RAS."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1210/jc.2012-2703"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-2703"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23264394"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23264394"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A Machens, O Gimm, R Hinze, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genotype-phenotype correlations in hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma: oncological features and biochemical properties."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2001)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1210/jcem.86.3.7290"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.3.7290"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11238493"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11238493"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Julio C Ricarte-Filho, Mabel Ryder, Dhananjay A Chitale, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mutational profile of advanced primary and metastatic radioactive iodine-refractory thyroid cancers reveals distinct pathogenetic roles for BRAF, PIK3CA, and AKT1."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Res (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0727"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0727"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19487299"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19487299"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Thomas J Giordano, Rork Kuick, Dafydd G Thomas, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Molecular classification of papillary thyroid carcinoma: distinct BRAF, RAS, and RET/PTC mutation-specific gene expression profiles discovered by DNA microarray analysis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncogene (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.onc.1208822"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1208822"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16007166"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16007166"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Michael Rivera, Julio Ricarte-Filho, Jeff Knauf, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Molecular genotyping of papillary thyroid carcinoma follicular variant according to its histological subtypes (encapsulated vs infiltrative) reveals distinct BRAF and RAS mutation patterns."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mod Pathol (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/modpathol.2010.112"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2010.112"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20526288"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20526288"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Kengo Takeuchi, Manabu Soda, Yuki Togashi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RET, ROS1 and ALK fusions in lung cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Med (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nm.2658"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2658"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22327623"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22327623"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Doron Lipson, Marzia Capelletti, Roman Yelensky, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Identification of new ALK and RET gene fusions from colorectal and lung cancer biopsies."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Med (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nm.2673"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2673"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22327622"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22327622"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Takashi Kohno, Hitoshi Ichikawa, Yasushi Totoki, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "KIF5B-RET fusions in lung adenocarcinoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Med (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nm.2644"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2644"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22327624"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22327624"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rui Wang, Haichuan Hu, Yunjian Pan, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RET fusions define a unique molecular and clinicopathologic subtype of non-small-cell lung cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Clin Oncol (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1200/JCO.2012.44.1477"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.44.1477"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23150706"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23150706"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 25, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Zofia Piotrowska, Hideko Isozaki, Jochen K Lennerz, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Landscape of Acquired Resistance to Osimertinib in "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "i"}], "href": "i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "EGFR"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/i"}], "href": "/i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "-Mutant NSCLC and Clinical Validation of Combined EGFR and RET Inhibition with Osimertinib and BLU-667 for Acquired "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "i"}], "href": "i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "RET"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/i"}], "href": "/i"}, {"type": "t", "text": " Fusion."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Discov (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/2159-8290.CD-18-1022"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-18-1022"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "30257958"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30257958"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 26, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yunjian Pan, Yang Zhang, Yuan Li, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "ALK, ROS1 and RET fusions in 1139 lung adenocarcinomas: a comprehensive study of common and fusion pattern-specific clinicopathologic, histologic and cytologic features."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lung Cancer (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.02.007"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.02.007"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24629636"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24629636"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 27, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Benjamin J Solomon, Lavinia Tan, Jessica J Lin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RET Solvent Front Mutations Mediate Acquired Resistance to Selective RET Inhibition in RET-Driven Malignancies."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Thorac Oncol (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.jtho.2020.01.006"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2020.01.006"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31988000"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31988000"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 28, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hartmut P H Neumann, Birke Bausch, Sarah R McWhinney, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Germ-line mutations in nonsyndromic pheochromocytoma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "N Engl J Med (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1056/NEJMoa020152"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa020152"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12000816"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12000816"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 29, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Laurence Amar, Jérôme Bertherat, Eric Baudin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genetic testing in pheochromocytoma or functional paraganglioma."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Clin Oncol (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1200/JCO.2005.03.1484"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.03.1484"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16314641"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16314641"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 30, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shumei Kato, Vivek Subbiah, Erica Marchlik, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "i"}], "href": "i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "RET"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/i"}], "href": "/i"}, {"type": "t", "text": " Aberrations in Diverse Cancers: Next-Generation Sequencing of 4,871 Patients."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clin Cancer Res (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-1679"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-1679"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27683183"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27683183"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 31, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Alexander Drilon, Zishuo I Hu, Gillianne G Y Lai, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Targeting RET-driven cancers: lessons from evolving preclinical and clinical landscapes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Rev Clin Oncol (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.175"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.175"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29134959"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29134959"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 32, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "I Plaza-Menacho, A Morandi, D Robertson, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Targeting the receptor tyrosine kinase RET sensitizes breast cancer cells to tamoxifen treatment and reveals a role for RET in endocrine resistance."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncogene (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/onc.2010.209"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2010.209"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20531297"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20531297"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 33, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rowena Suriben, Michael Chen, Jared Higbee, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Antibody-mediated inhibition of GDF15-GFRAL activity reverses cancer cachexia in mice."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Med (2020)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41591-020-0945-x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0945-x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "32661391"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32661391"}]}]}]}