RHOD Gene

HGNC Family	Ras small GTPases superfamily
Name	ras homolog family member D
Description	Ras homolog, or Rho, proteins interact with protein kinases and may serve as targets for activated GTPase. They play a critical role in muscle differentiation. The protein encoded by this gene binds GTP and is a member of the small GTPase superfamily. It is involved in endosome dynamics and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, and it may coordinate membrane transport with the function of the cytoskeleton. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2014]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThe atypical Rho GTPase RHOD plays a distinct role in remodeling the actin cytoskeleton through direct interactions with specific effectors. In studies investigating plexin‐B1 signaling, RHOD was found to bind the actin nucleation–promoting factor WHAMM and the filamin A–binding protein FILIP1, thereby coordinating Arp2/3‐dependent and FLNa‐dependent mechanisms that regulate actin filament organization, cell adhesion, and migration."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nAdditional work has highlighted RHOD’s role in modulating cellular contractility and survival. In the context of vaccinia virus infection, the viral protein F11 suppresses RHOD signaling to prevent the activation of downstream effector Pak6, which normally antagonizes RHOC‐mediated cell contraction and blebbing."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, investigations in fibroblasts demonstrate that both increased and decreased levels of RHOD alter actin dynamics—RHOD depletion leads to enhanced cortical actin, stress fibers, and impaired cell migration and proliferation."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In related studies, upregulation of RHOD was observed upon loss of pro‐apoptotic factors, with RHOD depletion further increasing cell death, suggesting that RHOD normally contributes to cell survival."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, RHOD has been implicated in cell cycle control and centrosome duplication through its effector Diaph1, thereby impacting G1/S transition and centriole overduplication."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nClinical and biochemical studies further underscore the relevance of RHOD in human disease. Overexpression of the RHOD gene was detected in tumor plasma cells compared with normal counterparts, implicating altered focal adhesion signaling in multiple myeloma."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In Mendelian randomization analyses, increased RHOD expression was identified as potentially causative for overall and estrogen receptor–positive breast cancers."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Finally, research on vesicle dynamics revealed that RHOD’s unique N-terminal extension and its elevated intrinsic nucleotide exchange activity are critical for proper endosome trafficking and fusion events."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yufeng Tong, Preeti Chugha, Prasanta K Hota, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Binding of Rac1, Rnd1, and RhoD to a novel Rho GTPase interaction motif destabilizes dimerization of the plexin-B1 effector domain."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M703800200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M703800200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17916560"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17916560"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Annica K B Gad, Vishal Nehru, Aino Ruusala, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RhoD regulates cytoskeletal dynamics via the actin nucleation-promoting factor WASp homologue associated with actin Golgi membranes and microtubules."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Biol Cell (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1091/mbc.E12-07-0555"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E12-07-0555"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23087206"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23087206"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Charlotte H Durkin, Flavia Leite, João V Cordeiro, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RhoD Inhibits RhoC-ROCK-Dependent Cell Contraction via PAK6."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dev Cell (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.devcel.2017.04.010"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2017.04.010"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28486133"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28486133"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Magdalena Blom, Katarina Reis, Johan Heldin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The atypical Rho GTPase RhoD is a regulator of actin cytoskeleton dynamics and directed cell migration."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Exp Cell Res (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.013"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.02.013"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28196728"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28196728"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Virginia L King, Nathan K Leclair, Alyssa M Coulter, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The actin nucleation factors JMY and WHAMM enable a rapid Arp2/3 complex-mediated intrinsic pathway of apoptosis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS Genet (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pgen.1009512"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009512"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33872315"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33872315"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Masamitsu Kanada, Akira Nagasaki, Taro Q P Uyeda "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Stabilization of anaphase midzone microtubules is regulated by Rho during cytokinesis in human fibrosarcoma cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Exp Cell Res (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.06.027"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.06.027"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19576212"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19576212"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Valéria C C Andrade, André L Vettore, Rodrigo A Panepucci, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Number of expressed cancer/testis antigens identifies focal adhesion pathway genes as possible targets for multiple myeloma therapy."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Leuk Lymphoma (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3109/10428194.2010.491136"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2010.491136"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20528248"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20528248"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nabila Kazmi, Tim Robinson, Jie Zheng, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rho GTPase gene expression and breast cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization analysis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sci Rep (2022)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41598-022-05549-5"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05549-5"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "35087170"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35087170"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Magdalena Blom, Katarina Reis, Pontus Aspenström "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RhoD localization and function is dependent on its GTP/GDP-bound state and unique N-terminal motif."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Eur J Cell Biol (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.05.003"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.05.003"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29776664"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29776664"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	Rho, ARHD, RHOHP1, RHOM
Proteins	RHOD_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	29984
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

RHOD has 6,908 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, disease, phenotype or trait, chemical, functional term, phrase or reference, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 109 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for RHOD from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

RHOD Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of RHOD gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of RHOD gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of RHOD gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of RHOD gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of RHOD gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of RHOD gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of RHOD gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of RHOD gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of RHOD gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Proteomics	Cell lines associated with RHOD protein from the CCLE Cell Line Proteomics dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with RHOD gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of RHOD gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of RHOD gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of RHOD gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025	phenotypes associated with RHOD gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of RHOD gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing RHOD protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components containing RHOD protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with RHOD protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with RHOD protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of RHOD gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with RHOD gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with RHOD gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with RHOD gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action	small molecule perturbations with high or low expression of RHOD protein relative to other small molecule perturbations from the DeepCoverMOA Drug Mechanisms of Action dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by RHOD gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases associated with RHOD gene in GWAS datasets from the DISEASES Experimental Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with RHOD gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with RHOD gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with RHOD gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with RHOD gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at RHOD gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of RHOD gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of RHOD gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing RHOD from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GAD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with RHOD gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of RHOD gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations	biological terms co-occuring with RHOD gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.
	GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing RHOD from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset.
	GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases	disease perturbations changing expression of RHOD gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset.