{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nROMO1 is a mitochondrial protein that plays a central role in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), acting as a critical mediator of diverse cellular processes. Its ability to modulate ROS production links extracellular stress signals—such as TNF‐α stimulation and serum deprivation—to mitochondrial oxidative responses that trigger apoptotic cell death, regulate cell cycle progression, and influence senescence. Specifically, ROMO1‐derived ROS are essential for redox signaling that facilitates the transition from G1 to S phase in normal cells and modulates Myc stability via a negative feedback loop, while increased ROS levels can precipitate apoptotic pathways that are counteracted by anti‐apoptotic proteins like Bcl‑XL."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its role in ROS generation, ROMO1 is integral to maintaining mitochondrial structural integrity and dynamics. It is implicated in the regulation of mitochondrial fusion and cristae morphology by governing the oligomerization of inner membrane proteins such as OPA1, and it is a constituent of the mitochondrial presequence translocase (TIM23 complex) influencing the import and processing of key mitochondrial proteases. Moreover, recent biophysical studies suggest that ROMO1 forms a unique, nonselective cation channel with viroporin-like properties that may further modulate mitochondrial ion homeostasis and contribute to its redox-sensing functions."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "8", "end_ref": "11"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nROMO1 also emerges as a significant modulator of cancer biology. Its overexpression promotes excessive ROS production that contributes to enhanced proliferation, invasion, and drug resistance in multiple malignancies—including non‐small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, bladder and gastric cancers, as well as prostate and cervical cancers. Mechanistically, ROMO1-induced ROS sustain constitutive activation of signaling pathways such as NF‑κB, participate in a complex interplay with oncogenes (e.g., Myc) and tumor suppressors (e.g., DKK1), and influence epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastatic behavior. Genetic polymorphisms and regulatory axes involving long noncoding RNAs further underscore its role as a prognostic and potential therapeutic target in oncogenesis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "12", "end_ref": "28"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond cancer, aberrant ROMO1 expression and activity are linked to several non-malignant conditions. Elevated ROMO1 levels have been observed in lung epithelial cells under oxidative stress, in the serum of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea, and in pleural fluids distinguishing malignant from benign effusions. Moreover, polymorphisms in the ROMO1 gene are associated with diabetic retinopathy and myocardial infarction in the context of type 2 diabetes, while its involvement in neutrophil extracellular trap formation further connects ROMO1 to inflammatory responses. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential diagnostic and prognostic value of ROMO1 as both a biomarker and a therapeutic target in a broad spectrum of ROS-associated diseases."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "29", "end_ref": "36"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ah Ram Na, Young Min Chung, Seung Baek Lee, et al. 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