{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nR‐Ras is a small GTPase of the Ras superfamily that plays a pivotal role in regulating cell adhesion, migration, and cytoskeletal organization through the modulation of integrin activity and downstream signaling pathways. For instance, studies have shown that Plexin family receptors—such as Plexin‐B1 that directly stimulates RRAS GTPase activity in conjunction with Rnd1—mediate repulsive axon guidance and neurite collapse, while Plexin‐D1 activation by semaphorins provokes RRAS inactivation to control endothelial cell adhesion and inhibit angiogenesis. Moreover, germline and somatic mutations in RRAS have been linked to altered MAPK activation and RASopathy‐related phenotypes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn the vascular context, RRAS regulates endothelial cell behavior by promoting the maturation and integrity of blood vessels. Its activation is essential for proper focal adhesion formation, the modulation of Rac and Rho activities, and the maintenance of integrin‐dependent adhesion. For example, RRAS is activated by Notch‐1 intracellular domain and ORP3–VAPA complexes to enhance integrin signaling and by GPCR–Epac1 pathways to stimulate phospholipase D. Furthermore, targeted localization of active RRAS to focal adhesions supports its role in coupling integrin activation with downstream effectors—such as FAK and p130(Cas)—thereby cooperating with cytoskeletal dynamics during migration."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "5", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond adhesion and migration, RRAS is instrumental in determining neuronal polarity and has complex roles in oncogenesis. In developing neurons, RRAS promotes axon specification by inactivating GSK‐3β via integrin-linked kinase pathways, which is critical for proper actin network assembly and basal body positioning. In cancer models, altered RRAS activity exhibits dual behavior—on one hand, elevated RRAS function has been implicated in promoting hormone‐independent growth and modulating integrin activation in breast cancer and colorectal tumors, while reduced RRAS activation is associated with enhanced cellular transformation and migration. Additionally, emerging evidence links dysregulated RRAS signaling to diverse pathologies such as Huntington’s disease and neurofibromatosis, highlighting its importance in cellular survival, differentiation, and barrier function."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "13", "end_ref": "29"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ""}]}]}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Izumi Oinuma, Yukio Ishikawa, Hironori Katoh, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The Semaphorin 4D receptor Plexin-B1 is a GTPase activating protein for R-Ras."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Science (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1126/science.1097545"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097545"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15297673"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15297673"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Atsuko Sakurai, Julie Gavard, Yuliya Annas-Linhares, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Semaphorin 3E initiates antiangiogenic signaling through plexin D1 by regulating Arf6 and R-Ras."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.01652-09"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.01652-09"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20385769"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20385769"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Elisabetta Flex, Mamta Jaiswal, Francesca Pantaleoni, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Activating mutations in RRAS underlie a phenotype within the RASopathy spectrum and contribute to leukaemogenesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hum Mol Genet (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/hmg/ddu148"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddu148"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24705357"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24705357"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Johanna Lilja, Thomas Zacharchenko, Maria Georgiadou, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "SHANK proteins limit integrin activation by directly interacting with Rap1 and R-Ras."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Cell Biol (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ncb3487"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb3487"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28263956"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28263956"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Junko Sawada, Takeo Urakami, Fangfei Li, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Small GTPase R-Ras regulates integrity and functionality of tumor blood vessels."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer Cell (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.ccr.2012.06.013"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2012.06.013"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22897853"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22897853"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Michele A Wozniak, Lina Kwong, David Chodniewicz, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "R-Ras controls membrane protrusion and cell migration through the spatial regulation of Rac and Rho."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Biol Cell (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1091/mbc.e04-04-0277"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e04-04-0277"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15525681"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15525681"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yufeng Tong, Prasanta K Hota, Junia Y Penachioni, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Structure and function of the intracellular region of the plexin-b1 transmembrane receptor."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M109.056275"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.056275"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19843518"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19843518"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Philip S Hodkinson, Paul A Elliott, Yatish Lad, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mammalian NOTCH-1 activates beta1 integrins via the small GTPase R-Ras."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M703601200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M703601200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17664272"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17664272"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Marion Weber-Boyvat, Henriikka Kentala, Johanna Lilja, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "OSBP-related protein 3 (ORP3) coupling with VAMP-associated protein A regulates R-Ras activity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Exp Cell Res (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.10.019"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.10.019"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25447204"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25447204"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Maider López De Jesús, Matthias B Stope, Paschal A Oude Weernink, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cyclic AMP-dependent and Epac-mediated activation of R-Ras by G protein-coupled receptors leads to phospholipase D stimulation."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M604156200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M604156200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16754664"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16754664"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Johanna Furuhjelm, Johan Peränen "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The C-terminal end of R-Ras contains a focal adhesion targeting signal."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Sci (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1242/jcs.00689"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.00689"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12890755"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12890755"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lina Kwong, Michele A Wozniak, Asha S Collins, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "R-Ras promotes focal adhesion formation through focal adhesion kinase and p130(Cas) by a novel mechanism that differs from integrins."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.23.3.933-949.2003"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.23.3.933-949.2003"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12529399"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12529399"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Benoît Chevalier, Anna Adamiok, Olivier Mercey, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "miR-34/449 control apical actin network formation during multiciliogenesis through small GTPase pathways."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/ncomms9386"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9386"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "26381333"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26381333"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yi Yu, Larry A Feig "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Involvement of R-Ras and Ral GTPases in estrogen-independent proliferation of breast cancer cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncogene (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.onc.1205961"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1205961"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12386818"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12386818"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Joanna E Gawecka, Genevieve S Griffiths, Barbro Ek-Rylander, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "R-Ras regulates migration through an interaction with filamin A in melanoma cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0011269"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011269"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20585650"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20585650"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Izumi Oinuma, Hironori Katoh, Manabu Negishi "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "R-Ras controls axon specification upstream of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta through integrin-linked kinase."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M607979200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M607979200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17107957"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17107957"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "G S Griffiths, M Grundl, J S Allen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "R-Ras interacts with filamin a to maintain endothelial barrier function."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Cell Physiol (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/jcp.22565"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.22565"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21660952"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21660952"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Héctor Rincón-Arano, Ricardo Rosales, Nancy Mora, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "R-Ras promotes tumor growth of cervical epithelial cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cancer (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/cncr.11093"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11093"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12548599"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12548599"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "John P Miller, Bridget E Yates, Ismael Al-Ramahi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A genome-scale RNA-interference screen identifies RRAS signaling as a pathologic feature of Huntington's disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS Genet (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pgen.1003042"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003042"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23209424"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23209424"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hitoshi Ichimiya, Kengo Maeda, Atsushi Enomoto, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Girdin/GIV regulates transendothelial permeability by controlling VE-cadherin trafficking through the small GTPase, R-Ras."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochem Biophys Res Commun (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.012"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.012"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25869066"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25869066"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yi Yu, Yansheng Hao, Larry A Feig "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The R-Ras GTPase mediates cross talk between estrogen and insulin signaling in breast cancer cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.00509-05"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00509-05"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16914723"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16914723"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lusheng Xu, Masanobu Komatsu "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Promoter cloning and characterization of the anti-vascular proliferation gene, R-ras: role of Ets- and Sp-binding motifs."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M808184200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M808184200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19011236"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19011236"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lai Xu, Yanpan Gao, Yanyu Chen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Quantitative proteomics reveals that distant recurrence-associated protein R-Ras and Transgelin predict post-surgical survival in patients with Stage III colorectal cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncotarget (2016)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.18632/oncotarget.9701"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.9701"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "27270312"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27270312"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jie Song, Bin Zheng, Xiaobo Bu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Negative association of R-Ras activation and breast cancer development."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oncol Rep (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3892/or.2014.3121"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2014.3121"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24700169"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24700169"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 25, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Luis M Real, Antonio Caruz, Antonio Rivero-Juarez, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A polymorphism linked to RRAS, SCAF1, IRF3 and BCL2L12 genes is associated with cirrhosis in hepatitis C virus carriers."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Liver Int (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/liv.12330"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.12330"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24131527"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24131527"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 26, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Takashi Ohta, Young-Ho Kim, Ji-Eun Oh, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Alterations of the RRAS and ERCC1 genes at 19q13 in gemistocytic astrocytomas."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Neuropathol Exp Neurol (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1097/NEN.0000000000000110"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0000000000000110"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25192052"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25192052"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 27, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Rui Zhao, Hao Li, Chun Shen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "RRAS: A key regulator and an important prognostic biomarker in biliary atresia."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "World J Gastroenterol (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.3748/wjg.v17.i6.796"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v17.i6.796"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21390152"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21390152"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 28, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Shannon M Weber, Nicole M Brossier, Amanda Prechtl, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "R-Ras subfamily proteins elicit distinct physiologic effects and phosphoproteome alterations in neurofibromin-null MPNST cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Commun Signal (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s12964-021-00773-4"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-021-00773-4"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34530870"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34530870"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 29, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Guozhu Chen, Yisong Pei, Qiaoling Ye, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "NEDD4L-mediated RASGRP2 suppresses high-glucose and oxLDL-induced vascular endothelial cell dysfunctions by activating Rap1 and R-Ras."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res (2024)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119844"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119844"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "39260747"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39260747"}]}]}]}