{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRREB1 is a multifunctional zinc‐finger transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in coordinating cellular signals during both development and disease. In multiple experimental systems, RREB1 integrates oncogenic RAS/MAPK and TGF‐β/SMAD signals to regulate epithelial plasticity – for example, by promoting epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transitions and modulating collective cell migration. In these contexts, RREB1 also contributes to the repression of specific microRNA clusters (such as miR‐143/145) that normally serve as tumor suppressors, and its conserved activity is reflected in the function of its Drosophila homolog, Hindsight."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "5"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its developmental roles, RREB1 critically regulates the transcription of genes involved in tumor suppression and oncogenesis. Studies have demonstrated that RREB1 can downregulate the p16 tumor suppressor gene (in cases where a promoter variant creates a new RREB1 binding site), as well as directly transactivate the p53 promoter to modulate the DNA damage response. RREB1 also represses immune‐modulatory genes such as HLA‐G and participates in pathological gene fusions—for example, the recurrent RREB1–MKL2 fusion found in ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumors—thereby underscoring its versatile role as both activator and repressor."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "6", "end_ref": "10"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn several cancer‐specific settings, RREB1 has been implicated in the regulation of cellular zinc homeostasis and proliferation. In pancreatic adenocarcinoma, for instance, concurrent downregulation of RREB1 and zinc transporters (such as ZIP3) is observed early in oncogenesis, suggesting that RREB1 helps govern zinc uptake and thereby influences cytotoxicity and tumor suppression. Parallel findings in other tumors – including prostate and gastric cancers, as well as in medullary thyroid carcinoma – reveal that aberrant RREB1 expression correlates with dysregulated cell‐cycle control and aggressive tumor phenotypes."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "11", "end_ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nExpanding its regulatory repertoire, RREB1 participates in complex networks that include interactions with noncoding RNAs, alternative splicing variants, and key epigenetic modifiers. Genetic studies have identified low‐frequency variants in RREB1 that associate with metabolic and renal diseases, while in other investigations RREB1 has been found to interact with molecules such as DJ‐1, METTL3, and specific circular RNAs—events that modulate its stability, nuclear localization, and target gene specificity in conditions ranging from acute hematologic leukemias to glioma stem cell maintenance and even B‐cell lymphomagenesis. Furthermore, analyses of RREB1 isoform expression patterns in urologic cancers and pan‐cancer assessments of its role in tumor immunity underscore its potential as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "16", "end_ref": "28"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mariana Melani, Kaylene J Simpson, Joan S Brugge, et al. 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