| Name | SAA2-SAA4 readthrough |
| Description | This locus represents naturally occurring read-through transcription between the neighboring serum amyloid A2 and serum amyloid A4 genes on chromosome 11. The read-through transcript produces a fusion protein that shares sequence identity with each individual gene product. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2010] |
| Summary |
{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nRecent studies have identified a germ-cell–specific protein complex as pivotal for the proper progression of male meiosis. In particular, the protein KCTD19, together with its interacting partners such as ZFP541 and HDAC1, has emerged as essential for the orderly execution of chromosome events during meiotic prophase. KCTD19 deficiency does not disrupt early meiotic events, such as synapsis or initial DNA damage responses, but it leads to failure during the metaphase–anaphase transition resulting in spermatocyte apoptosis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nFurther mechanistic insights have revealed that the ZFP541–KCTD19 complex is critical for establishing the meiotic transcriptional program. This complex is co-expressed from the pachytene stage onward, where it binds to regulatory regions of numerous genes to suppress transcription repressors and simultaneously modulate chromatin organization, effectively orchestrating a dynamic transcriptional and epigenetic landscape required for the completion of meiotic prophase."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "2"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nMoreover, genetic disruptions in ZFP541 and/or KCTD19 lead to multiple structural and recombination defects, including aberrant chromosomal axis component positioning, detached chromosome ends, and globally altered histone modifications. These phenotypic aberrations underscore their dual role in both reconfiguring chromatin and directing a precise transcriptional cascade. Although whole-exome sequencing approaches have raised the possibility that additional genetic factors may contribute to male infertility characterized by oligozoospermia"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "3"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", the ZFP541–KCTD19 axis remains a central mechanistic driver of coordinated meiotic progression and male fertility."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "4"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Seiya Oura, Takayuki Koyano, Chisato Kodera, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "KCTD19 and its associated protein ZFP541 are independently essential for meiosis in male mice."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS Genet (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pgen.1009412"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009412"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "33961623"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33961623"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Yuki Horisawa-Takada, Chisato Kodera, Kazumasa Takemoto, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Meiosis-specific ZFP541 repressor complex promotes developmental progression of meiotic prophase towards completion during mouse spermatogenesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nat Commun (2021)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/s41467-021-23378-4"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23378-4"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "34075040"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34075040"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Weili Wang, Lilan Su, Lanlan Meng, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biallelic variants in KCTD19 associated with male factor infertility and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hum Reprod (2023)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/humrep/dead095"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dead095"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "37192818"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37192818"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xu Zhou, Kailun Fang, Yanlei Liu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "ZFP541 and KCTD19 regulate chromatin organization and transcription programs for male meiotic progression."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cell Prolif (2024)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1111/cpr.13567"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1111/cpr.13567"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "37921559"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37921559"}]}]}]}
|
| NCBI Gene ID | 100528017 |
| API | |
| Download Associations | |
| Predicted Functions |
 |
| Co-expressed Genes |
|
| Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines |
|
SAA2-SAA4 has 1,620 functional associations with biological entities spanning 7 categories (molecular profile, organism, functional term, phrase or reference, disease, phenotype or trait, chemical, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 33 datasets.
Click the + buttons to view associations for SAA2-SAA4 from the datasets below.
If available, associations are ranked by standardized value
| Dataset | Summary | |
|---|---|---|
| Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of SAA2-SAA4 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of SAA2-SAA4 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of SAA2-SAA4 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations | cell types associated with SAA2-SAA4 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset. | |
| COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 | cellular components co-occuring with SAA2-SAA4 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of SAA2-SAA4 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 | diseases co-occuring with SAA2-SAA4 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations | phenotypes associated with SAA2-SAA4 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset. | |
| ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles | histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at SAA2-SAA4 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles | transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of SAA2-SAA4 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset. | |
| ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors binding the promoter of SAA2-SAA4 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases | disease perturbations changing expression of SAA2-SAA4 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations | gene perturbations changing expression of SAA2-SAA4 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Gene Perturbations dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations | kinase perturbations changing expression of SAA2-SAA4 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Kinase Perturbations dataset. | |
| GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections | virus perturbations changing expression of SAA2-SAA4 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Viral Infections dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles | tissues with high or low expression of SAA2-SAA4 gene relative to other tissues from the GTEx Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles | tissue samples with high or low expression of SAA2-SAA4 gene relative to other tissue samples from the GTEx Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset. | |
| GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations 2025 | phenotypes associated with SAA2-SAA4 gene in GWAS datasets from the GWAS Catalog SNP-Phenotype Associations 2025 dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets 2025 | transcription factors regulating expression of SAA2-SAA4 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Human Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of SAA2-SAA4 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the JASPAR Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles | cell lines with high or low copy number of SAA2-SAA4 gene relative to other cell lines from the Klijn et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 2015 Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset. | |
| MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets | transcription factors regulating expression of SAA2-SAA4 gene predicted using known transcription factor binding site motifs from the MotifMap Predicted Transcription Factor Targets dataset. | |
| NIBR DRUG-seq U2OS MoA Box Gene Expression Profiles | drug perturbations changing expression of SAA2-SAA4 gene from the NIBR DRUG-seq U2OS MoA Box dataset. | |
| Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles | histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at SAA2-SAA4 gene from the Roadmap Epigenomics Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset. | |
| Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 | transcription factors regulating expression of SAA2-SAA4 gene from the Rummagene Transcription Factor Associations 2026 dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures | drug perturbations changing expression of SAA2-SAA4 gene from the RummaGEO Drug Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures | gene perturbations changing expression of SAA2-SAA4 gene from the RummaGEO Gene Perturbation Signatures dataset. | |
| Tahoe Therapeutics Tahoe 100M Perturbation Atlas | drug perturbations changing expression of SAA2-SAA4 gene from the Tahoe Therapeutics Tahoe 100M Perturbation Atlas dataset. | |
| TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets | microRNAs regulating expression of SAA2-SAA4 gene predicted using conserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Conserved microRNA Targets dataset. | |
| TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets | microRNAs regulating expression of SAA2-SAA4 gene predicted using nonconserved miRNA seed sequences from the TargetScan Predicted Nonconserved microRNA Targets dataset. | |
| TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues with high expression of SAA2-SAA4 protein in proteomics datasets from the TISSUES Experimental Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 | tissues co-occuring with SAA2-SAA4 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the TISSUES Text-mining Tissue Protein Expression Evidence Scores 2025 dataset. | |
| WikiPathways Pathways 2014 | pathways involving SAA2-SAA4 protein from the Wikipathways Pathways 2014 dataset. | |
