SALL2 Gene

HGNC Family	Zinc fingers
Name	spalt-like transcription factor 2
Description	This gene encodes a protein containing multiple zinc finger domains. The encoded protein functions in optical fissure closure during development of the eye in the embryo. Mutations in this gene are associated with ocular coloboma. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2016]
Summary	{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nSALL2, also known as p150(Sal2), is a Spalt‐like multi–zinc finger transcription factor that binds GC‐rich regulatory elements with a consensus motif (GGG[T/C]GGG) and functions as a classical tumor suppressor. It promotes growth arrest and apoptosis by activating targets such as p21 and BAX while repressing key oncogenes like c‐MYC. In addition, its protein levels and activity are tightly regulated during cellular quiescence and cell cycle re–entry, with modulators such as AP4 and TGFβ influencing its transcription and its rapid polyubiquitination marking the transition from a resting to a proliferative state. Moreover, oncogenic viral proteins—for example, the HPV16 E6 oncoprotein—can bind and functionally inhibit SALL2, thereby interfering with its ability to activate cell cycle inhibitors."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "6"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nSALL2 also plays key roles during development. In neural tissues, it interacts with the death domain of the p75 neurotrophin receptor to mediate growth arrest and neurite outgrowth under nerve growth factor stimulation, thereby contributing to neuronal differentiation. In the developing eye, loss‐of–function mutations that truncate SALL2 and remove critical zinc finger clusters result in ocular coloboma owing to disrupted optic fissure closure. In addition, SALL2 expression is frequently deregulated in human cancers—its promoter undergoes hypermethylation in ovarian and head and neck carcinomas—and comprehensive reviews have underscored its multifaceted contributions to neurogenesis, organogenesis, and tumor suppression."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "7", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its developmental and transcription regulatory roles, SALL2 contributes to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis under stress. In certain contexts, such as in pancreatic β–cells exposed to lipotoxic conditions, SALL2 expression helps protect against dysfunction and apoptosis, further emphasizing its role as a safeguard against uncontrolled cell proliferation and metabolic stress."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dawei Li, Yu Tian, Yupo Ma, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "p150(Sal2) is a p53-independent regulator of p21(WAF1/CIP)."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Cell Biol (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1128/MCB.24.9.3885-3893.2004"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.24.9.3885-3893.2004"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15082782"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15082782"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chang K Sung, Jean Dahl, Hyungshin Yim, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Transcriptional and post-translational regulation of the quiescence factor and putative tumor suppressor p150(Sal2)."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FASEB J (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1096/fj.10-173674"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.10-173674"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21228219"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21228219"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hongcang Gu, Dawei Li, Chang K Sung, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "DNA-binding and regulatory properties of the transcription factor and putative tumor suppressor p150(Sal2)."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biochim Biophys Acta (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.02.002"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.02.002"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21362508"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21362508"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Peggy Parroche, Majid Touka, Mariam Mansour, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 inhibits p21(WAF1) transcription independently of p53 by inactivating p150(Sal2)."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Virology (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.virol.2011.05.016"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2011.05.016"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21791360"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21791360"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chang Kyoo Sung, Hyungshin Yim, Hongcang Gu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The polyoma virus large T binding protein p150 is a transcriptional repressor of c-MYC."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0046486"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046486"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23029531"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23029531"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chang K Sung, Dawei Li, Erik Andrews, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Promoter methylation of the SALL2 tumor suppressor gene in ovarian cancers."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Oncol (2013)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.molonc.2012.11.005"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2012.11.005"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "23273547"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23273547"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Roxana Pincheira, Melinda Baerwald, James D Dunbar, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sall2 is a novel p75NTR-interacting protein that links NGF signalling to cell cycle progression and neurite outgrowth."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "EMBO J (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/emboj.2008.274"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2008.274"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19131967"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19131967"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Daniel Kelberman, Lily Islam, Jörn Lakowski, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mutation of SALL2 causes recessive ocular coloboma in humans and mice."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hum Mol Genet (2014)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/hmg/ddt643"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddt643"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "24412933"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24412933"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Chang Kyoo Sung, Hyungshin Yim "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The tumor suppressor protein p150(Sal2) in carcinogenesis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Tumour Biol (2015)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s13277-014-3019-1"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-3019-1"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "25608837"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25608837"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Viviana E Hermosilla, Matias I Hepp, David Escobar, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Developmental SALL2 transcription factor: a new player in cancer."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Carcinogenesis (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1093/carcin/bgx036"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgx036"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "28430874"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28430874"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Fang Miao, Xueshan Zhang, Yanning Cao, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Effect of siRNA-silencing of SALL2 gene on growth, migration and invasion of human ovarian carcinoma A2780 cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "BMC Cancer (2017)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/s12885-017-3843-y"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-017-3843-y"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29228922"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29228922"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Atsushi Imai, Daiki Mochizuki, Yuki Misawa, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "i"}], "href": "i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "SALL2"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/i"}], "href": "/i"}, {"type": "t", "text": " Is a Novel Prognostic Methylation Marker in Patients with Oral Squamous Carcinomas: Associations with "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "i"}], "href": "i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "SALL1"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/i"}], "href": "/i"}, {"type": "t", "text": " and "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "i"}], "href": "i"}, {"type": "t", "text": "SALL3"}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "/i"}], "href": "/i"}, {"type": "t", "text": " Methylation Status."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "DNA Cell Biol (2019)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1089/dna.2018.4597"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.2018.4597"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "31188017"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31188017"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ye Wang, Jie Liu, Zheng Liu, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sall2 knockdown exacerbates palmitic acid induced dysfunction and apoptosis of pancreatic NIT-1 beta cells."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Biomed Pharmacother (2018)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.011"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.011"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "29783189"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29783189"}]}]}]}
Synonyms	HSAL2, ZNF795, SAL-2, P150(SAL2), COLB
Proteins	SALL2_HUMAN
NCBI Gene ID	6297
API
Download Associations
Predicted Functions
Co-expressed Genes
Expression in Tissues and Cell Lines

Functional Associations

SALL2 has 6,011 functional associations with biological entities spanning 8 categories (molecular profile, organism, chemical, disease, phenotype or trait, functional term, phrase or reference, structural feature, cell line, cell type or tissue, gene, protein or microRNA) extracted from 110 datasets.

Click the + buttons to view associations for SALL2 from the datasets below.

If available, associations are ranked by standardized value

Harmonizome 3.0

SALL2 Gene

Functional Associations

Please acknowledge the Harmonizome in your publications by citing the following reference(s):

	Dataset	Summary
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of SALL2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of SALL2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Adult Mouse Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles	tissue samples with high or low expression of SALL2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Aging Dementia and Traumatic Brain Injury Tissue Sample Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray	tissue samples with high or low expression of SALL2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by Microarray dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq	tissue samples with high or low expression of SALL2 gene relative to other tissue samples from the Allen Brain Atlas Developing Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles by RNA-seq dataset.
	Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	tissues with high or low expression of SALL2 gene relative to other tissues from the Allen Brain Atlas Prenatal Human Brain Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of SALL2 gene relative to other cell lines from the BioGPS Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of SALL2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Human Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles	cell types and tissues with high or low expression of SALL2 gene relative to other cell types and tissues from the BioGPS Mouse Cell Type and Tissue Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures	small molecule perturbations changing expression of SALL2 gene from the Carcinogenome Chemical Perturbation Carcinogenicity Signatures dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of SALL2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of SALL2 gene relative to other cell lines from the CCLE Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations	cell types associated with SALL2 gene from the CellMarker Gene-Cell Type Associations dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of SALL2 gene from the CHEA Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of SALL2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ChEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022	transcription factors binding the promoter of SALL2 gene in low- or high-throughput transcription factor functional studies from the CHEA Transcription Factor Targets 2022 dataset.
	ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with SALL2 gene from the curated ClinVar Gene-Phenotype Associations dataset.
	CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules	small molecule perturbations changing expression of SALL2 gene from the CMAP Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Small Molecules dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components containing SALL2 protein from the COMPARTMENTS Curated Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores	cellular components co-occuring with SALL2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores dataset.
	COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025	cellular components co-occuring with SALL2 protein in abstracts of biomedical publications from the COMPARTMENTS Text-mining Protein Localization Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles	cell lines with high or low copy number of SALL2 gene relative to other cell lines from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene CNV Profiles dataset.
	COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles	cell lines with SALL2 gene mutations from the COSMIC Cell Line Gene Mutation Profiles dataset.
	CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions	chemicals interacting with SALL2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Chemical Interactions dataset.
	CTD Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with SALL2 gene/protein from the curated CTD Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency	cell lines with fitness changed by SALL2 gene knockdown relative to other cell lines from the DepMap CRISPR Gene Dependency dataset.
	DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases involving SALL2 gene from the DISEASES Curated Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores	diseases co-occuring with SALL2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores dataset.
	DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Association Evidence Scores 2025	diseases co-occuring with SALL2 gene in abstracts of biomedical publications from the DISEASES Text-mining Gene-Disease Assocation Evidence Scores 2025 dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with SALL2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	DisGeNET Gene-Phenotype Associations	phenotypes associated with SALL2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the DisGeNET Gene-Phenoptype Associations dataset.
	ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles	histone modification site profiles with high histone modification abundance at SALL2 gene from the ENCODE Histone Modification Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles	transcription factor binding site profiles with transcription factor binding evidence at the promoter of SALL2 gene from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Binding Site Profiles dataset.
	ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets	transcription factors binding the promoter of SALL2 gene in ChIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE Transcription Factor Targets dataset.
	ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing SALL2 from the ESCAPE Omics Signatures of Genes and Proteins for Stem Cells dataset.
	GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations	diseases associated with SALL2 gene in GWAS and other genetic association datasets from the GAD High Level Gene-Disease Associations dataset.
	GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles	cell lines with high or low expression of SALL2 gene relative to other cell lines from the GDSC Cell Line Gene Expression Profiles dataset.
	GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations	biological terms co-occuring with SALL2 gene in literature-supported statements describing functions of genes from the GeneRIF Biological Term Annotations dataset.
	GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures	PubMedIDs of publications reporting gene signatures containing SALL2 from the GeneSigDB Published Gene Signatures dataset.
	GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases	disease perturbations changing expression of SALL2 gene from the GEO Signatures of Differentially Expressed Genes for Diseases dataset.