{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nSCGB2A2, also known as mammaglobin‐A, is a secretoglobin family protein that is predominantly expressed in normal mammary epithelium and markedly overexpressed in breast carcinoma. Its high specificity for mammary tissue underlies its extensive study as a diagnostic biomarker. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that sensitive methods—including RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry—can detect SCGB2A2 transcripts or protein in primary breast tumors as well as in circulating tumor cells, sentinel lymph nodes, and peripheral blood, thereby facilitating early diagnosis and detection of micrometastases. These studies highlight significant correlations between SCGB2A2 expression and breast cancer presence in both localized and advanced disease settings."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "7"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its utility in primary tumor detection, SCGB2A2 plays a critical role in the differential diagnosis of metastatic lesions. Its expression distinguishes metastatic breast carcinomas from malignancies of other origins—including salivary gland neoplasms, lung carcinomas, and central nervous system tumors—by serving as an immunohistochemical signature of breast origin. In addition, investigations in various body fluids such as pleural effusions have demonstrated that SCGB2A2 detection can enhance the sensitivity of conventional cytologic analyses, while its expression is often associated with hormone receptor–positive disease and lower histologic grade. Together, these findings support its clinical application not only in confirming breast origin but also in assisting prognosis through correlation with nodal status and other predictive parameters."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "8", "end_ref": "20"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn addition to its well‐established diagnostic and prognostic applications, emerging evidence suggests that SCGB2A2 may influence breast cancer biology. Functional studies indicate that altered SCGB2A2 expression can modulate cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition through pathways including MAPK and NF‐κB. Moreover, its immunogenic properties have been explored for the development of breast cancer vaccines, and SCGB2A2‐derived epitopes have been shown to elicit CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cell responses. These findings not only reinforce the importance of SCGB2A2 as a biomarker for detecting disseminated disease but also open avenues for its use as a target in immune intervention strategies."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "21", "end_ref": "33"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Michail Ignatiadis, Galatea Kallergi, Maria Ntoulia, et al. 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