{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nSEMA3A functions as an autocrine guidance and regulatory cue in the vasculature and tumor microenvironment. In endothelial cells, SEMA3A localizes to nascent adhesive sites where it negatively regulates integrin activation and cell migration, thereby promoting vascular plasticity during angiogenesis (see, for example."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "1"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In addition, SEMA3A interferes with proangiogenic pathways triggered by VEGF – not only by competing for its shared co‐receptor neuropilin‑1 but also by directly inducing cytoskeletal collapse and disassembly of focal adhesions – which contributes to anti‐angiogenic, anti‑tumorigenic and anti‐invasive effects in various carcinoma models."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "3", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nIn the nervous system and during development SEMA3A acts as a potent chemorepellent that mediates axonal guidance by triggering growth cone collapse via intracellular effectors such as CRMP proteins."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "9"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Its role extends into developmental disorders – as exemplified by altered SEMA3A/neuropilin‑1 signaling underlying Kallmann syndrome"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "10", "end_ref": "12"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "– and into the regulation of immune responses. SEMA3A secreted by activated immune cells or resident stromal cells dampens T‐cell activation by interfering with actin reorganization"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and its repulsive influence on thymocytes and other neural–immune interfaces further illustrates its dual regulatory capacity."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "14", "end_ref": "17"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its classical roles in vascular and neural guidance, SEMA3A contributes to diverse functions in other tissues. In bone, estrogen‐induced SEMA3A expression by osteocytes promotes cell survival and maintains skeletal homeostasis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "18"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " In platelet biology, SEMA3A modulates actin dynamics to inhibit aggregation"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "19"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", while in models of diabetic nephropathy and renal injury, excess SEMA3A disrupts filtration barrier integrity via alterations in protein phosphorylation and cytoskeletal organization."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "20"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Moreover, SEMA3A influences tumor cell behavior indirectly by modulating PTEN/FOXO3a signaling"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "22"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and its expression is linked to features of immune regulation by mesenchymal stem cells"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "23"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "as well as to the proliferative control of tumor‐associated macrophages."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "24"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Reviews and further experimental data also highlight the involvement of SEMA3A in cardiovascular phenomena"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "25"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", receptor internalization events"}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "26"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": ", and even the regulation by microRNAs in cancer stem cell populations."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_f", "ref": "27"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " Additional studies underscore its broader role in tumor progression and angiogenesis."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "28", "end_ref": "31"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Guido Serini, Donatella Valdembri, Sara Zanivan, et al. 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