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AE2 also underpins gastric acid secretion by mediating Cl⁻ uptake in the stomach and is modulated by interactions with transmembrane carbonic anhydrase isoforms and hormonal factors such as gastrin, while emerging evidence indicates its role in transporting abscisic acid and in the defense against oxidative stress in airway epithelia."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "13"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nDysregulation of AE2 has also been implicated in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Elevated AE2 expression is observed in poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma and ovarian cancer, where it fosters cell cycle progression via the mTOR/p70S6K pathway and supports enhanced proliferation, invasion, and migratory capacity. In addition, AE2-mediated pH regulation contributes to tumor cells’ adaptive responses in acidic microenvironments. Its activity is further modulated through interactions with regulatory proteins—including IRBIT, SPL, and CA XII—that can affect protein stability, lysosomal degradation, and associated changes in glycosylation, collectively impacting cancer cell survival and aggressiveness."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "14", "end_ref": "23"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its roles in secretion and cancer biology, AE2 is also essential for vascular and skeletal homeostasis. In endothelial cells, AE2 mediates chloride fluxes that contribute to apoptotic responses under high-glucose conditions, thereby playing a part in the pathogenesis of diabetic vasculopathy. Tissue-specific transcriptional regulation—through alternate promoters and transcription factor binding—further refines AE2 expression in organs such as the liver. 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