{"type": "root", "children": [{"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nThe dopamine transporter gene, SLC6A3, encodes a critical presynaptic plasma membrane protein (DAT) that terminates dopaminergic neurotransmission through the high‐affinity reuptake of dopamine. Variability in regulatory regions—most notably, a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in its 3′‐untranslated region—has been shown to alter DAT expression levels. Quantitative gene expression studies and reporter‐gene assays have demonstrated that common VNTR variants can significantly modulate mRNA expression, and meta‐analytic as well as candidate gene studies have implicated these variations in neuropsychiatric conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "1", "end_ref": "8"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nBeyond its role in regulating the magnitude and duration of extracellular dopamine, SLC6A3 also influences synaptic dopaminergic tone through regulated trafficking and post‐translational modifications. Functional studies in cell systems and neuroimaging investigations have demonstrated that distinct DAT1 variants modulate cell-surface expression and dopamine uptake kinetics; these differences partly underlie variability in reward-related ventral striatal reactivity. Pharmacological challenges with amphetamine and cocaine further reveal that alterations in the DAT’s structure—such as changes in its N-terminal phosphorylation state—shift the transporter’s conformation from a “reluctant” to a “willing” state for dopamine efflux without compromising uptake, thereby finely tuning synaptic dopamine levels."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "9", "end_ref": "15"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n\n"}, {"type": "p", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "\nPathologically, disturbances in SLC6A3 function have been linked to a spectrum of clinical disorders. Reduced or aberrant DAT activity—arising from loss‐of‐function mutations or from the differential effects of common genetic polymorphisms—has been associated with complex movement disorders (including dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome and infantile parkinsonism‐dystonia), as well as with neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, gene–environment interactions involving DAT variants contribute to altered reward processing and impulsive behaviors, thereby playing a role in the etiology of addiction, ADHD, and other neuropsychiatric conditions."}, {"type": "fg", "children": [{"type": "fg_fs", "start_ref": "16", "end_ref": "36"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": "\n"}]}, {"type": "rg", "children": [{"type": "r", "ref": 1, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Ian R Gizer, Courtney Ficks, Irwin D Waldman "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Candidate gene studies of ADHD: a meta-analytic review."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Hum Genet (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1007/s00439-009-0694-x"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-009-0694-x"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19506906"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19506906"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 2, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "K Brookes, X Xu, W Chen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The analysis of 51 genes in DSM-IV combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: association signals in DRD4, DAT1 and 16 other genes."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Psychiatry (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.mp.4001869"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001869"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16894395"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16894395"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 3, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "S Fuke, S Suo, N Takahashi, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The VNTR polymorphism of the human dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene affects gene expression."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Pharmacogenomics J (2001)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.tpj.6500026"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.tpj.6500026"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11911442"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11911442"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 4, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jonathan Mill, Philip Asherson, Clare Browes, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Expression of the dopamine transporter gene is regulated by the 3' UTR VNTR: Evidence from brain and lymphocytes using quantitative RT-PCR."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Med Genet (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/ajmg.b.10948"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.10948"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12457396"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12457396"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 5, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Christopher H van Dyck, Robert T Malison, Leslie K Jacobsen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Increased dopamine transporter availability associated with the 9-repeat allele of the SLC6A3 gene."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Nucl Med (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15872345"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15872345"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 6, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Keeley-Joanne Brookes, Jon Mill, Camilla Guindalini, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A common haplotype of the dopamine transporter gene associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and interacting with maternal use of alcohol during pregnancy."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Arch Gen Psychiatry (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1001/archpsyc.63.1.74"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.1.74"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16389200"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16389200"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 7, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gonzalo E Torres, Ana Carneiro, Katie Seamans, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Oligomerization and trafficking of the human dopamine transporter. Mutational analysis identifies critical domains important for the functional expression of the transporter."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M201926200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M201926200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12429746"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12429746"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 8, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "G M Miller, B K Madras "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Polymorphisms in the 3'-untranslated region of human and monkey dopamine transporter genes affect reporter gene expression."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Psychiatry (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.mp.4000921"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000921"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11803445"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11803445"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 9, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "E E Forbes, S M Brown, M Kimak, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genetic variation in components of dopamine neurotransmission impacts ventral striatal reactivity associated with impulsivity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Psychiatry (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.mp.4002086"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4002086"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17893706"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17893706"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 10, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Jean-Claude Dreher, Philip Kohn, Bhaskar Kolachana, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Variation in dopamine genes influences responsivity of the human reward system."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0805517106"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805517106"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19104049"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19104049"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 11, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Habibeh Khoshbouei, Namita Sen, Bipasha Guptaroy, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "N-terminal phosphorylation of the dopamine transporter is required for amphetamine-induced efflux."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS Biol (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pbio.0020078"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020078"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15024426"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15024426"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 12, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Juliana Yacubian, Tobias Sommer, Katrin Schroeder, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Gene-gene interaction associated with neural reward sensitivity."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0702029104"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702029104"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17483451"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17483451"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 13, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mark A Bellgrove, Ziarah Hawi, Aiveen Kirley, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dissecting the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) phenotype: sustained attention, response variability and spatial attentional asymmetries in relation to dopamine transporter (DAT1) genotype."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Neuropsychologia (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.03.011"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.03.011"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16168728"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16168728"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 14, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "G R Uhl, F S Hall, I Sora "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Cocaine, reward, movement and monoamine transporters."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Psychiatry (2002)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/sj.mp.4000964"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000964"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11803442"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11803442"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 15, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nina Erixon-Lindroth, Lars Farde, Tarja-Brita Robins Wahlin, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The role of the striatal dopamine transporter in cognitive aging."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Psychiatry Res (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.09.005"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.09.005"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15708296"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15708296"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 16, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "John T O'Brien, Sean Colloby, John Fenwick, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dopamine transporter loss visualized with FP-CIT SPECT in the differential diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Arch Neurol (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1001/archneur.61.6.919"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.61.6.919"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15210531"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15210531"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 17, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sidney H VanNess, Michael J Owens, Clinton D Kilts "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The variable number of tandem repeats element in DAT1 regulates in vitro dopamine transporter density."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "BMC Genet (2005)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/1471-2156-6-55"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-6-55"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16309561"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16309561"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 18, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Erik G Puffenberger, Robert N Jinks, Carrie Sougnez, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Genetic mapping and exome sequencing identify variants associated with five novel diseases."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "PLoS One (2012)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1371/journal.pone.0028936"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028936"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "22279524"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22279524"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 19, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Alex Iranzo, Francesc Valldeoriola, Francisco Lomeña, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Serial dopamine transporter imaging of nigrostriatal function in patients with idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder: a prospective study."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lancet Neurol (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70152-1"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11"}, {"type": "t", "text": "70152-1) PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21802993"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21802993"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 20, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Leonard H Epstein, Jennifer L Temple, Brad J Neaderhiser, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Food reinforcement, the dopamine D2 receptor genotype, and energy intake in obese and nonobese humans."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Behav Neurosci (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1037/0735-7044.121.5.877"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.121.5.877"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17907820"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17907820"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 21, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Marcus Munafò, Taane Clark, Elaine Johnstone, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The genetic basis for smoking behavior: a systematic review and meta-analysis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Nicotine Tob Res (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1080/14622200410001734030"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200410001734030"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15370155"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15370155"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 22, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Robert S Kahn, Jane Khoury, William C Nichols, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Role of dopamine transporter genotype and maternal prenatal smoking in childhood hyperactive-impulsive, inattentive, and oppositional behaviors."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Pediatr (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/S0022-3476(03)00208-7"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(03"}, {"type": "t", "text": "00208-7) PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12915833"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12915833"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 23, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Manju A Kurian, Yan Li, Juan Zhen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Clinical and molecular characterisation of hereditary dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome: an observational cohort and experimental study."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Lancet Neurol (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70269-6"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10"}, {"type": "t", "text": "70269-6) PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "21112253"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21112253"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 24, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Charlotta Granas, Jasmine Ferrer, Claus Juul Loland, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "N-terminal truncation of the dopamine transporter abolishes phorbol ester- and substance P receptor-stimulated phosphorylation without impairing transporter internalization."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Biol Chem (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1074/jbc.M205058200"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M205058200"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12464618"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12464618"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 25, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Anita Sidhu, Christophe Wersinger, Philippe Vernier "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "alpha-Synuclein regulation of the dopaminergic transporter: a possible role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "FEBS Lett (2004)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.febslet.2004.03.063"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2004.03.063"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "15135042"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15135042"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 26, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "C Dong, M-L Wong, J Licinio "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sequence variations of ABCB1, SLC6A2, SLC6A3, SLC6A4, CREB1, CRHR1 and NTRK2: association with major depression and antidepressant response in Mexican-Americans."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Mol Psychiatry (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/mp.2009.92"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2009.92"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19844206"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19844206"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 27, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "T Roman, M Schmitz, G Polanczyk, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a study of association with both the dopamine transporter gene and the dopamine D4 receptor gene."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Med Genet (2001)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/ajmg.1408"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1408"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "11449401"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11449401"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 28, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Michael J Frank, John A Fossella "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Neurogenetics and pharmacology of learning, motivation, and cognition."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Neuropsychopharmacology (2011)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1038/npp.2010.96"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.96"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20631684"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20631684"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 29, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Sandra K Loo, Elaine Specter, Andrew Smolen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Functional effects of the DAT1 polymorphism on EEG measures in ADHD."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry (2003)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1097/01.CHI.0000046890.27264.88"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1097/01.CHI.0000046890.27264.88"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "12874502"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12874502"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 30, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Binrang Yang, Raymond C K Chan, Jin Jing, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A meta-analysis of association studies between the 10-repeat allele of a VNTR polymorphism in the 3'-UTR of dopamine transporter gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1002/ajmg.b.30453"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30453"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17440978"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17440978"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 31, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Xavier Caldú, Pere Vendrell, David Bartrés-Faz, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Impact of the COMT Val108/158 Met and DAT genotypes on prefrontal function in healthy subjects."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Neuroimage (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.06.021"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.06.021"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17689985"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17689985"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 32, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Camila Guindalini, Mark Howard, Kate Haddley, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "A dopamine transporter gene functional variant associated with cocaine abuse in a Brazilian sample."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2006)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1073/pnas.0504789103"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0504789103"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "16537431"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16537431"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 33, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Robert D Oades, Jessica Lasky-Su, Hanna Christiansen, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "The influence of serotonin- and other genes on impulsive behavioral aggression and cognitive impulsivity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Findings from a family-based association test (FBAT) analysis."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Behav Brain Funct (2008)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1186/1744-9081-4-48"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-4-48"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "18937842"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18937842"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 34, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Manfred Laucht, Markus H Skowronek, Katja Becker, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Interacting effects of the dopamine transporter gene and psychosocial adversity on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms among 15-year-olds from a high-risk community sample."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Arch Gen Psychiatry (2007)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.585"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.585"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "17485610"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17485610"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 35, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Roberto Cilia, Ji Hyun Ko, Sang Soo Cho, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Reduced dopamine transporter density in the ventral striatum of patients with Parkinson's disease and pathological gambling."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Neurobiol Dis (2010)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1016/j.nbd.2010.03.013"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2010.03.013"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "20338240"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20338240"}]}, {"type": "r", "ref": 36, "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Beate R Ritz, Angelika D Manthripragada, Sadie Costello, et al. "}, {"type": "b", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Dopamine transporter genetic variants and pesticides in Parkinson's disease."}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " "}, {"type": "i", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "Environ Health Perspect (2009)"}]}, {"type": "t", "text": " DOI: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "10.1289/ehp.0800277"}], "href": "https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0800277"}, {"type": "t", "text": " PMID: "}, {"type": "a", "children": [{"type": "t", "text": "19590691"}], "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19590691"}]}]}]}